（雙語）《2016中國的航天》白皮書（4）
（四）深空探測
Deep space exploration
2012年12月，“嫦娥二號”月球探測器成功實施圖塔蒂斯小行星飛越探測。2013年12月，“嫦娥三號”月球探測器首次實現中國航天器在地外天體軟着陸，完成月球表面巡視探測。2014年11月，月球探測工程三期再入返回飛行試驗圓滿成功，標誌着中國完全掌握航天器以接近第二宇宙速度再入返回的關鍵技術。
In December 2012, the Chang’e-2 lunar probe made a successful observation trip over asteroid 4179 (Toutatis). In December 2013, the Chang’e-3 realized the first soft landing on the surface of an extraterrestrial body by a Chinese spacecraft and completed patrol and exploration on the surface of the moon. In November 2014, China achieved success in the reentry and return flight test of the third-phase lunar exploration engineering, indicating that China has mastered the key technology of spacecraft reentry and return flight in a speed close to second cosmic velocity.
通過月球探測工程任務的實施，獲取了高分辨率全月球影像圖和虹灣區域高清晰影像，開展了月球形貌、月球結構構造、月面物質成分、月表環境和近月空間環境等研究以及月基天文觀測等。
The Lunar Exploration Program helped mankind to acquire a high-resolution map of the moon and a high-definition image of Sinus Iridum, and conducted research of lunar surface morphology, lunar structure, elemental composition of the lunar surface, lunar surface environment, lunar space environment and moon-based astronomical observation.
（五）航天發射場
Space launch sites
2016年6月，文昌航天發射場首次執行航天發射任務，標誌着中國自主設計建造、綠色生態環保、技術創新跨越的新一代航天發射場正式投入使用。開展酒泉、太原、西昌三個發射場適應性改造，基本形成沿海內陸相結合、高低緯度相結合、各種射向範圍相結合的航天發射場佈局，能夠滿足載人飛船、空間站核心艙、深空探測器以及各類衛星的發射需求。
In June 2016, the Wenchang Launch Site held its first launch, marking a new-generation launch site designed and built by China. The site is environmentally friendly and made breakthroughs in innovation. Renovations have also been accomplished in the Jiuquan, Taiyuan and Xichang launch sites, forming a launch site network covering both coastal and inland areas, high and low altitudes, and various trajectories to satisfy the launch needs of manned spaceships, space laboratory core modules, deep space probes and all kinds of satellites.
（六）航天測控
Space Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C)
“天鏈一號”數據中繼衛星系列實現全球組網運行，“遠望七號”航天遠洋測量船成功首航，深空測控站建成使用，中國航天測控佈局不斷優化，形成陸海天基一體、功能多樣、規模適度的航天測控網，航天器飛行控制綜合能力不斷提升，圓滿完成“神舟”系列飛船、“天宮一號”目標飛行器、“嫦娥”系列月球探測器以及地球軌道衛星等爲代表的各項航天測控任務。
The Tianlian-1 data relay satellite series have achieved global networking and operating. The Yuanwang-7, a spacecraft tracking ship has made its maiden voyage. Deep space TT&C stations have been built and put into use. China is constantly improving its space telemetry, tracking and command setups, and established a multi-functioning TT&C network featuring space, marine and ground integration with a proper scale. The flight control ability of spacecraft has been gradually improved, completing the TT&C missions of the Shenzhou spacecraft series, Tiangong-1 target spacecraft, Chang’e lunar probe series and earth orbit satellites.
（七）空間應用
Space applications
1、對地觀測衛星應用。對地觀測衛星地面系統和應用體系不斷完善，應用領域深化拓展，應用水平日益提升，應用效益持續提高。陸地、海洋、大氣衛星數據地面接收站基本實現統籌建設與運行，形成高低軌道相結合、國內外合理佈局的衛星數據地面接收能力；統籌建設地面數據處理系統、共性應用支撐平臺、多層次網絡相結合的數據分發體系，數據處理、存檔、分發、服務和定量化應用能力大幅提升。行業應用系統建設全面推進，基本建成18個行業和2個區域應用示範系統，設立26個省級數據與應用中心。建立高分辨率對地觀測系統應用綜合信息服務共享平臺，對地觀測衛星數據已廣泛應用於行業、區域、公衆服務等領域，爲經濟社會發展提供重要支撐。
(1) Application of earth observation satellites. The ground system and applications of earth observation satellites are improving, the fields and levels in which these satellites are used are expanding and the application benefits are growing. The ground stations receiving data from land, ocean and meteorological observation satellites are operating based on comprehensive planning, a satellite data ground network with the capacity of receiving data from high- and low-orbit satellites and reasonable arrangement at home and abroad. China has also established, based on comprehensive planning, a ground data processing system for earth observation satellites, common application supporting platform, and multi-level network data distribution system, greatly increasing its ability in data processing, archiving, distribution, services provision and quantitative applications. Industrial application system building is in full swing, having completed 18 industrial and two regional application demonstration systems, and set up 26 provincial-level data and application centers. An integrated information service sharing platform for a high-resolution earth observation system has been built. Earth observation satellite data is now widely used in industrial, regional and public services for economic and social development.
2、通信廣播衛星應用。通信衛星測控站、信關站、上行站、標校場等地面設施不斷完善，建成一定規模、能夠滿足相關業務需要的衛星通信網和衛星廣播電視傳輸網，衛星通信服務能力進一步增強，在廣播電視、遠程教育、遠程醫療等領域發揮重大作用，衛星應急通信爲防汛抗旱、搶險救災、重大突發事件處置提供重要支撐。
(2) Application of communications and broadcasting satellites. The ground facilities such as TT&C station, gateway station, uplink station and calibration field of communications satellites have been improved. A satellite communications network and satellite radio and TV network of adequate scale to meet the needs of certain services have been built, further improving the communications service ability. These applications play an important role in radio and television services, distance education and telemedicine. The emergency satellite communications system has provided important support for the fight against flood and drought, for rescue and relief work, and for handling major emergencies.
3、導航衛星應用。北斗系統服務精度和可靠性大幅提高，構建形成自主可控、完整成熟的北斗產業鏈以及北斗產業保障、應用推進和創新三大體系，廣泛應用於交通運輸、海洋漁業、水文監測、氣象預報、測繪地理信息、森林防火、通信時統、電力調度、救災減災、應急搜救等領域，逐步滲透到人類社會生產和人們生活的方方面面，爲全球經濟和社會發展注入新的活力。
(3) Application of navigation and positioning satellites. The Beidou Navigation Satellite System has significantly improved its accuracy and reliability, bringing into play an independent, controllable, complete and mature Beidou industrial chain and the three systems of Beidou industrial guarantee, application promotion and innovation. The Beidou Navigation System is widely used in transportation, maritime fisheries, hydrological monitoring, weather forecasting, surveying and mapping, forest fire prevention, time synchronization of communication, power dispatching, disaster reduction and relief and emergency rescue, influencing all aspects of people’s life and production, and injecting new vitality into global economic and social development.
4、航天技術成果轉化應用。“互聯網+衛星應用”新業態孕育發展，爲大衆生活提供更加優質便利的服務。通過航天技術成果的二次開發和轉化應用，爲國民經濟相關行業提供優質產品和服務，支撐和帶動新材料、智能製造、電子信息等相關領域發展。
(4) Transformation and application of space technology. A new business model featuring the Internet plus satellite applications is coming into being, providing more convenient and high-quality services to the public. Secondary development, transformation and applications of space technology make possible the provision of high-quality products and services to relevant industries, and help to support and propel the development of new materials, intelligent manufacturing and electronic information, among others.
（八）空間科學
Space science
1、空間科學衛星。成功發射暗物質粒子探測、“實踐十號”、量子科學實驗等空間科學衛星，爲前沿科學研究提供重要手段。
(1) Space science satellites. China has successfully launched the Dark Matter Particle Explorer, Shijian-10 and Quantum Science Experiment Satellite, offering important means for frontier scientific research.
2、空間環境下的科學實驗。利用空間科學衛星、“嫦娥”探測器、“神舟”系列飛船和“天宮一號”目標飛行器等，開展一系列空間科學實驗研究，深化了空間微重力和強輻射條件下生物生長、材料製備等機理的認識，取得了一批有影響力的研究成果。
(2) Space environment scientific experiments. China has carried out a series of space science experiments using space science satellites, Chang’e lunar probe, Shenzhou spacecraft series and Tiangong-1 target aircraft, deepening the understanding of the mechanism of biological growth and materials preparation under the conditions of space microgravity and intense radiation, and achieving some influential research findings.
3、空間環境探測與預報。利用空間科學衛星、“神舟”系列飛船等，積累空間環境主要參數及其效應數據，爲航天器安全運行提供空間環境監測與預報服務。
(3) Space environment detection and forecast. China has identified the space environment’s major parameters and effects using space science satellites and the Shenzhou spacecraft series to provide space environmental monitoring and forecasting services for the safe operation of spacecraft.
