（雙語）《中國交通運輸發展》白皮書 5
信息化智能化技術廣泛應用。大數據、雲計算、物聯網、移動互聯網等信息通信技術在交通運輸領域廣泛應用，線上線下結合的商業模式蓬勃發展。鐵路建成了客運聯網售票系統，實現了運輸生產調度指揮信息化。高速公路電子不停車收費系統（ETC）基本實現了全國聯網。港口電子數據交換系統（EDI）、船舶交通管理系統（VTS）、船舶自動識別系統（AIS）在水運管理中廣泛應用，開發了長江干線電子航道圖技術。民航商務信息系統處於世界先進水平。郵政建立國家、省、市三級聯動視頻監控體系。無線射頻識別技術（RFID）、全球衛星導航系統（GNSS）等現代導航信息技術在民航運輸、物流配送中廣泛應用。北斗導航系統成爲第三個面向國際航海應用的全球衛星導航系統。
Information and intelligent technologies have been extensively applied. Information and communications technologies, such as big data, cloud computing, Internet of Things and Mobile Internet, have been widely applied in transport, and combined online and traditional business models are thriving. Railway passenger transport has developed an online booking system, and realized IT application in transport management. Expressway transport has formed a nationwide Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) network. Port Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) and Vessel Automatic Identification System (AIS) have been widely applied in water transport management, and an electronic nautical chart of the trunk waterways of the Yangtze River has been developed. China’s civil aviation business information system is globally advanced. Postal services have established a video joint monitoring system at national, provincial and municipal levels. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and other modern navigation technologies have been applied to civil aviation and logistics. The Beidou Navigation Satellite System has become the third GNSS applied in international navigation.
（四）改革與法治建設
Reform and Rule of Law
市場體系不斷完善。經過30多年的市場化進程，交通建設、養護、運輸不斷推向市場。積極推行市場準入負面清單制度，鼓勵和引導社會資本參與交通運輸投資運營，大力推廣社會資本與政府合作模式（PPP)。交通運輸全面實現政企分開。不斷推進簡政放權，創新優化行政審批服務方式。加快市場信用體系建設，市場監管體系逐步完善，統一開放、競爭有序的交通運輸市場基本形成。
Market system has been improved. Through over 30 years of marketization, transport construction, maintenance and traffic have become market-oriented. China has issued its Negative List for Market Access, encouraging non-government capital to invest in transport operation, and vigorously promoting Public-Private Partnership (PPP). Transport has separated government functions from enterprise operation completely. The government has also streamlined its administration and delegated authority, and innovated and improved government approval services. Transport has been boosting the market credit system and improving market regulation. As a result, a unified, open transport market of orderly competition has been formed.
法律法規體系基本形成。適應改革發展需要，對交通運輸法律法規進行了大量的立、改、廢工作。目前，共有《鐵路法》《公路法》《港口法》《航道法》《海商法》《海上交通安全法》《民用航空法》《郵政法》等8部法律、《鐵路安全管理條例》《公路安全保護條例》《道路運輸條例》《國際海運條例》《內河交通安全管理條例》《船員條例》《民用機場管理條例》《民用航空安全保衛條例》《郵政法實施細則》等65部行政法規，以及300餘件部門規章。
Legal framework has taken shape. To meet the demands of reform and development, China has promulgated, revised and annulled transport laws and regulations. Currently, China has eight relevant laws, namely, the Railway Law, Highway Law, Law on Ports, Waterway Law, Maritime Law, Maritime Traffic Safety Law, Civil Aviation Law and Postal Law. In addition, there are 65 relevant administrative regulations, including the Regulations on the Administration of Railway Safety, Regulations on the Administration of Highway Safety, Regulations on Road Transport, Regulations on International Maritime Transport, Regulations on the Administration of Traffic Safety in Inland Waters, Regulations on Seamen, Regulations on the Administration of Civil Airports, Regulations on Civil Aviation Safety, and Rules for the Implementation of the Postal Law. There are also more than 300 relevant departmental rules.
綜合交通運輸管理體制初步建立。2008年、2013年實施兩輪交通運輸大部門制改革，形成了由交通運輸部管理國家鐵路局、中國民用航空局、國家郵政局的大部門管理體制架構。各地積極推進綜合交通運輸管理體制改革，加快綜合交通運輸體系建設。
Comprehensive transport management system has been preliminarily established. In 2008 and 2013 respectively, China launched two rounds of institutional reform to establish a large transport department, namely, the Ministry of Transport, which put the National Railways Administration, Civil Aviation Administration of China and State Postal Bureau under its management. All localities are promoting structural reform for comprehensive transport management, and quickening their pace in building a comprehensive transport system.
三、發揮基礎性先導性服務性作用
III. Playing a Basic, Pioneering and Serving Role
着眼全面建成小康社會，中國政府堅持把交通運輸擺在先行發展的重要位置，交通運輸在推動經濟社會發展、服務和改善民生以及促進生態文明建設方面，發揮了基礎性先導性服務性作用。
To complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects, the Chinese government gives priority to transport, which plays a basic, pioneering and serving role in promoting economic and social development, in serving the people and improving their living standards, and in enhancing ecological progress.
（一）推動經濟社會發展
Promoting Economic and Social Development
支撐經濟增長。交通運輸基礎設施投資是經濟穩定增長的助推器，“十二五”期間，中國交通運輸基礎設施完成投資12.5萬億元。交通運輸網絡的完善和服務水平的提高，推動了經濟運行效率提升，降低了物流成本，帶動了汽車、船舶、冶金、物流、電商、旅遊、房地產等相關產業發展，創造了大量就業崗位。2015年，郵政業支撐的國內網購交易額突破3萬億元。
Supporting economic growth. Investment in transport infrastructure is the engine of stable economic growth. During the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2011-2015), a total of RMB12.5 trillion was invested in China’s transport infrastructure. The improvement in the transport network and relevant services has increased the efficiency of economic operation, reduced logistics cost, boosted the development of relevant industries such as automobiles, shipping, metallurgy, logistics, e-commerce, tourism and real estate, and created many jobs. In 2015, China’s total online purchasing transactions, supported by the postal industry, surpassed RMB3 trillion.
保障物資運輸。便捷高效的物流基礎設施網絡，促進了多種運輸方式順暢銜接和高效中轉，提升了物流體系綜合服務水平，有力保障了煤炭、原油、鐵礦石、糧食等重點物資運輸，2015年中國港口完成煤炭一次下水量6.7億噸、外貿原油接卸量3.2億噸、外貿鐵礦石接卸量10億噸。開闢鮮活農產品“綠色通道”，有效保障和滿足了人民羣衆的生產生活需求。
Ensuring cargo transport. China’s convenient and efficient logistics network has ensured the smooth and efficient transition between different means of transport, enhanced the efficiency of the logistics system, and guaranteed the transport of coal, crude oil, iron ore, grain, and other key items of cargo. In 2015, some 670 million tons of coal were shipped at Chinese ports, which also unloaded 320 million tons of crude oil and 1 billion tons of iron ore. Express lines were made available for fresh farm produce, effectively meeting the needs of the people.
促進區域和城鄉協調發展。中國政府把推進交通運輸先行發展作爲支撐“四大板塊”“三大戰略”等國家區域發展總體戰略的重點任務，積極打通發達地區、中等發達地區、欠發達地區之間的聯繫通道。依託京滬、京廣、沿海、沿江等綜合運輸大通道以及長三角、珠三角、環渤海等港口羣形成的經濟帶、城市羣，成爲中國經濟最具活力、人口最爲密集的區域。城際公路客運普及和城際軌道加快建設促進了城市羣一體化發展，城鄉交通一體化讓城鄉經濟融合更緊密。
Facilitating the coordinated development between regions and between urban and rural areas. The Chinese government gives priority to the development of transport and enables the transport industry to play a pioneering role in supporting the regional development of eastern, central, western and northeastern China and the Three Initiatives, in an effort to connect China’s developed, moderately developed and underdeveloped areas. China is building economic belts and urban agglomerations along the railway lines from Beijing to Shanghai and Guangzhou, along the coastline and the Yangtze River, near the ports in the Yangtze River and Pearl River deltas and along the Bohai Sea Rim, striving to make these areas the most economically viable and populous in the country. The growth of intercity highway transport and the development of intercity rails have facilitated the integrated development of urban agglomerations, and the integration of urban and rural transport is bringing the urban and rural areas closer economically.
（二）服務和改善民生
Serving the People and Improving Their Living Standards
服務羣衆安全便捷出行。推動“平安交通”建設，着力構建科學完善的交通運輸安全體系，運輸結構不斷優化，服務水平不斷提升，人民羣衆出行由“走得了”向“走得好”升級發展。“春運”等節假日綜合運輸服務保障能力顯著提升。城市公交出行分擔率穩步提高，舒適度不斷提升。“互聯網+交通運輸”快速發展，提供實時交通運行狀態查詢、出行路線規劃、線（網）上購票、智能停車等“一站式”服務。12328交通運輸服務監督電話全面開通。
Providing transport services to the people and making their travel safe and convenient. China is striving to build a sound system to improve transport safety, upgrade the transport structure and improve transport services, in an effort to provide better services to people. The transport capacity and service during the Spring Festival (i.e., Chinese New Year) and other travel peaks have been significantly enhanced. In cities, the percentage of people taking public transit is on the rise, and comfort level of such transport means has been greatly enhanced. With the rapid growth of the “Internet + transport,” passengers can now check the real-time status of traffic, plan their trips ahead of time, purchase tickets online, and enjoy “smart” parking and other one-stop services. The transport service and complaints hotline 12328 has been put into use.
助力扶貧脫貧。進入21世紀以來，先後實施鄉鎮和建制村通達通暢工程、集中連片特困地區交通扶貧等10多個專項建設計劃，加大對農村地區、貧困地區交通建設的支持力度。“十二五”期間，投入車購稅資金超過5500億元支持交通扶貧建設，集中連片特困地區83.8%的縣城通二級及以上公路，86.2%的建制村實現通硬化路。提高貧困地區農村客運車輛通達率，逐步解決了溜索等特殊問題。
Supporting the poverty reduction and eradication effort. Entering the 21st century, China has initiated a dozen projects to connect townships, towns and administrative villages to the road grid, and built transport infrastructure in contiguous impoverished areas, with increased support for transport development in rural and impoverished areas. During the 12th Five-Year Plan period, over RMB550 billion of vehicle purchase tax was allocated to support transport development in poor areas. In contiguous impoverished areas, 83.8 percent of county seats now have roads of Grade II or above, and 86.2 percent of administrative villages have tarmac and cement roads. More buses now operate on routes linking poverty-stricken areas, and ropeways are being replaced by bridges.
有效應對突發事件。交通運輸應急體系在重大自然災害、安全事故等突發事件應急救援中發揮重要作用。在汶川、玉樹等地震災害和南方雨雪冰凍災害中，交通運輸救援隊伍第一時間搶通救災“生命線”，爲搶救生命贏得寶貴時間。海上搜救力量妥善完成多起海上重大突發事件應急處置工作，積極參與馬航MH370失事客機搜尋等工作。2010年至2015年，組織協調海上搜救行動12411次，搜救遇險人員108464人，其中外籍人員8070人。
Effectively addressing emergencies. The transport emergency response system plays a key role in the rescue and relief work following natural disasters, accidents and similar contingencies. In the wake of the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, Yushu earthquake in 2010 and the devastating snowstorms in southern China in 2008, emergency transport response teams were among the first to arrive at the scene and open up “lifelines” for relief. China’s marine search and rescue teams have been engaged in rescue work connected with many emergencies at sea, and actively took part in the search for the Malaysian Airline flight MH370. In the period 2010-2015, China organized and coordinated 12,411 marine search and rescue missions, saving 108,464 lives, including 8,070 foreigners.
（三）促進生態文明建設
Enhancing Ecological Progress
促進節能減排。大力推進綠色交通建設，與2010年相比，2015年國家鐵路單位運輸工作量綜合能耗下降6%，營運車輛單位運輸週轉量能耗下降6.5%，營運船舶單位運輸週轉量能耗下降10.5%，民航噸公里油耗下降近5%。實施“公交優先”戰略，新能源和清潔能源運輸工具不斷增加，公共自行車系統快速興起。在珠三角、長三角、環渤海（京津冀）水域設立了船舶排放控制區。長江干線、京杭運河、部分沿海地區開展水運行業應用液化天然氣（LNG）試點示範，部分港口安裝了碼頭油氣回收裝置，實施了船舶岸電工程。
Promoting energy-saving and emission-reduction. China has been vigorously promoting the green development of transport. Compared to the 2010 levels, in 2015, the comprehensive energy consumption per unit railway transport dropped by six percent, the energy consumption per unit transport turnover of operating vehicles and ships went down by 6.5 percent and 10.5 percent respectively, and the ton/km fuel consumption of civil aviation decreased by almost five percent. The strategy of “public transit priority” has been implemented, supported by growing new- and clean-energy means of transport and a rapidly developing public bicycle rental system. In the Pearl River and Yangtze River deltas, and Bohai Sea Rim (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei) area, restriction zones have been set up to curb emissions from ships. Along the arteries of the Yangtze River and the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, and in some coastal regions, pilot and demonstration projects of LNG use have been launched for water-borne transport, oil vapor recovery units installed at some ports and shore power provided to ships.
