（雙語）《中國交通運輸發展》白皮書 2

一、發展歷程

I. Course of Development

新中國成立之初，交通運輸面貌十分落後。全國鐵路總里程僅2.18萬公里，有一半處於癱瘓狀態。能通車的公路僅8.08萬公里，民用汽車5.1萬輛。內河航道處於自然狀態。民航航線只有12條。郵政服務網點較少。主要運輸工具還是畜力車和木帆船等。

When the PRC was founded in 1949, transport was underdeveloped. Total railway length was only 21,800 km, half of which was paralyzed. Highway traffic length was only 80,800 km, and civil automobiles numbered only 51,000. Inland waterways were undeveloped, and only 12 civil air routes were operative. Postal outlets were limited. The major means of transport were animal-drawn vehicles and primitive boats.

新中國成立後，中國政府明確提出首先要創造一些基本條件恢復交通運輸。經過3年的國民經濟恢復期，修復了被破壞的交通運輸設施設備，恢復了水陸空運輸。1953年起，開始有計劃地進行交通運輸建設。在第一個、第二個五年計劃和國民經濟調整期間（1953—1965年），國家投資向交通運輸傾斜，改造和新建了一批鐵路、公路、港口碼頭、民用機場，提高了西部和邊遠地區的交通運輸基礎設施覆蓋程度，疏浚了主要航道，新開闢了國際、國內水路和空中航線，擴大了郵政網絡，增加了運輸裝備數量。“文化大革命”期間（1966—1976年），交通運輸發展一度受到嚴重干擾，但設施和裝備規模、運輸線路仍在增加，特別是針對沿海主要港口壓船、壓港、壓貨日趨嚴重的局面，加快了港口基礎設施建設。在此期間，管道運輸也得到了發展。

Following the founding of the PRC, the Chinese government decided to create the basic conditions to restore transport. During the economic recovery period (1949-1952) damaged transport facilities were repaired, and water, land and air transport were resumed. In 1953 China began to develop transport in a planned way. During the First (1953-1957) and Second (1958-1962) Five-Year Plan periods and the economic adjustment period (1961-1965) China tilted state investment in support of transport. It renovated and built a number of railways, highways, ports and piers, and civil airports; expanded the transport infrastructure coverage in the western and remote regions; dredged major navigation channels; opened new international and domestic sea and air routes; expanded the postal network; and increased the amount of transport equipment.

During the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), transport was seriously disturbed, but facilities, equipment and routes kept increasing; in view of the severe delays in unloading and transshipment, and overstocking at major coastal ports, port infrastructure construction was accelerated; and pipeline transport developed.

1978年，改革開放揭開了中國經濟社會發展的新篇章，交通運輸步入了快速發展階段。中國政府把交通運輸放在優先發展的位置，加大政策扶持力度，在放開交通運輸市場、建立社會化融資機制方面進行開創性探索，積極扭轉交通運輸不適應經濟社會發展的被動局面。鐵路實行經濟承包責任制；出臺了提高養路費徵收標準、開徵車輛購置附加費以及“貸款修路、收費還貸”等扶持公路發展的三項政策；公路、水運工程建設項目開始實行招投標制度；港口率先對外開放，海運業最早實現“走出去”；民航走上了企業化發展道路，航空運輸市場開始形成；實施郵政管理體制改革，成立中國速遞服務公司，恢復辦理郵政儲蓄業務；加大交通運輸建設投資力度，吸引社會資本參與基礎設施建設。1988年滬嘉高速公路通車，實現中國大陸高速公路零的突破。

The reform and opening-up policy adopted in 1978 ushered in a new stage of social and economic development, bringing about the rapid development of transport. The Chinese government prioritized transport development, increased pertinent policy support, made pioneering attempts to open wider the transport market and establish social financing mechanisms, and reversed the adverse situation that transport was unable to match social and economic development.

China implemented the contract responsibility system in railway operation; issued three policies for supporting highway development, namely, raising highway maintenance fee levied on highway users, collecting vehicle purchase tax, and building highways with loans and repaying the loans with tolls. Highway construction and water transport engineering projects started to adopt public bidding. Ports were the first to be opened up to the outside world, and sea transport was the first sector to go global. Civil aviation began to operate as an enterprise, and an air transport market took shape. The postal Services management system was reformed, Express Mail Service (EMS) was set up, and postal savings services were resumed. Investment in transport development was increased and non-government capital was attracted to go into transport infrastructure construction. In 1988, the Shanghai-Jiading Expressway was opened to traffic, the first expressway on China’s mainland.

1992年，中國確立了建立社會主義市場經濟體制的改革目標。交通運輸不斷加大改革開放力度，各種運輸方式發展取得突破性進展。開展鐵路建設大會戰，1997年起鐵路進行了連續六次大提速。公路和水運實施公路主骨架、水運主通道、港站主樞紐和支持保障系統的“三主一支持”規劃，制定了加快建設步伐的目標任務。民航機場建設費和基礎設施建設基金、鐵路建設基金、內河航運建設基金先後設立。爲應對東南亞金融危機，中國實施積極的財政政策，公路建設投資進入“快車道”，高速公路建設大規模興起。實施西部大開發戰略，全面加強西部地區鐵路、公路、機場、天然氣管道幹線建設。提出“修好農村路，服務城鎮化，讓農民兄弟走上油路和水泥路”發展目標，掀起農村公路建設新高潮。深化港口管理體制改革，加快港口建設。實行郵電分營和郵政政企分開，郵政向信息流、資金流和物流“三流合一”的現代郵政業方向發展。《中長期鐵路網規劃》《國家高速公路網規劃》等一系列規劃陸續出臺。大力提升交通運輸基本公共服務水平，全面加強城鄉客運、城市公共交通、交通運輸安全應急救助等領域建設。2008年組建交通運輸部，交通運輸大部門體制改革邁出實質性步伐。同年，京津城際鐵路通車運營，中國開啓了“高鐵時代”。

In 1992, China set the reform goal of establishing a socialist market economic system. Reform and opening-up efforts were furthered in transport while the development of various modes of transport achieved breakthrough progress. Since 1997, it has raised its average railway speed six times as a result of large-scale construction. A plan was made to build a transport framework where highways, waterways and ports play the major role, and put in place an advanced transport support system. A goal was set to accelerate related construction. China began to collect civil airport construction fees, and set up a civil airport infrastructure construction fund, a railway construction fund and an inland water transport construction fund in succession. To address the Financial Crisis starting in Southeast Asia, China implemented proactive fiscal policies to speed up investment in highway construction, which spurred the emergence of large-scale expressway construction. Around that time, the country implemented the strategy of developing the western regions, and enhanced the construction of railways, highways, airports and major gas pipelines there. It set the goal of “building asphalt and cement roads in rural areas to facilitate urbanization,” bringing a new upsurge of rural road construction. China furthered the reform of the port management system and accelerated the construction of ports. It separated postal services and telecommunications services, and government functions and enterprise operation in postal services, promoting modern postal services integrating information flow, capital flow and logistics.

The Chinese government issued the Medium- and Long-Term Railway Network Plan, National Expressways Network Plan and related programs, while vigorously improving basic transport public service capacity, urban and rural passenger transport, urban public transport and transport safety emergency rescue. In 2008, China’s Ministry of Transport (MOT) was established, and efforts were made to put all management of transport by air, water and land, as well as postal services under the ministry. The same year, the Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway was opened to traffic, marking the start of China’s high-speed rail era.