盤點十大殘忍怪異的審訊(上)

At first glance, an interrogation might seem like a mere question-and-answer session, but countless psychological angles delve far beyond "good cop, bad cop." Below are 10 facts about interrogations, from the dark secrets of government agencies to heavy metal and the world's most influential cult.

乍看之下，審訊看起來僅僅只是一個問答環節。然而，這裏面探究的無數心理角度都要比"好警察壞警察"（一種審訊中的心理策略，亦叫做聯合詢問或朋友和敵人法）深得多。以下列出關於審訊的十大事實，從政府機構不可告知的黑暗祕密到重金屬音樂和世界上最具影響力的宗教，真是無奇不有！

CIA's Interrogation Architect

10.中情局的審訊工程師

Dr. James Mitchell has had the kind of career they make movies about. He enlisted in the Air Force in 1974, where he became an expert in defusing bombs. Toward the end of his military stint, he served as a psychologist to a North Carolina special-ops unit. His retirement coincided almost perfectly with the 9/11 attacks. Subsequently, he joined up with fellow former military psychologist Dr. Bruce Jessen to sell their expertise to the CIA.

詹姆斯·米切爾博士擁有某種電影中才有的職業。他在1974年應徵加入空軍，在那裏他成爲了拆彈專家。在他兵役結束之後，他在北卡羅來納州特種部隊中擔任心理醫師。他退休的時間幾乎與911恐怖襲擊發生的時間完全吻合。所以，他與擔任前任軍事心理學家的同事布魯斯博士一起加入到美國中央情報局，爲他們提供專業意見。

The two made millions despite their lack of experience. Neither had carried out real interrogations or could even speak Arabic. And yet Mitchell became known as the architect of the CIA's "enhanced interrogation" program, a euphemism which has since been revealed to describe unambiguous torture. Their methods included confinement, throwing subjects into walls, sleep deprivation, and—perhaps most notoriously—waterboarding. Mitchell himself waterboarded Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, who under duress admitted to various terrorist activities, which legal experts later deemed false confessions. In 2009, Mitchell and Jessen were dismissed from the CIA payroll. The Senate issued a scathing report detailing their abuses.

他們二人儘管經驗不足但卻成了百萬富翁。他們沒有進行過真正的談判，甚至還不會說阿拉伯語。然而，米切爾卻被稱爲中情局"強化審訊"項目的工程師。現在人們發現所謂的"強化審訊"不過是赤裸裸的折磨的委婉說法而已。他們的方法包括監禁，把犯人往牆上摔，剝奪睡眠，也許最惡名昭著的是水刑。米切爾親自動手對穆罕默德實行了水刑。穆罕默德被迫承認多起恐怖襲擊事件，之後法律專家們還誤以爲是他坦白從寬了。2009年，米切爾和傑森被中情局解僱。參議院對於他們濫用刑法一事發布了一份報告，對此嚴厲指責。

Mitchell was unrepentant for his activities, saying, "The narrative that's out there is, I walked up to the gate of the CIA, knocked on the door and said: ‘Let me in, I want to torture people, and I can show you how to do it.' Or someone put out an ad on Craigslist that said, ‘Wanted: psychologist who is willing to design torture program.' It's a lot more complicated than that. I'm just a guy who got asked to do something for this country by people at the highest level of government, and I did the best I could."

米切爾並不對他的行爲感到悔恨，他說："事情是這樣。我走到中情局的大門口，敲了下門，說‘讓我加入你們吧，我想要折磨人，我可以展示給你看我是怎麼辦到的'或者換個說法，某人在克雷格列表（網站名）發佈了一個廣告：招聘願意設計酷刑計劃的心理醫生。當然要比這複雜得多。我只是爲政府最高層的人辦事而已，而且我已經盡我所能。"

Reid Technique

9.裏德審訊

An official interrogation is careful and systematic, using such methods as the "Reid Technique," established by John Reid in the 1950s and taught by John E. Reid & Associates, Inc. It uses nine steps to disarm subjects. The interrogator monologues as if the accused is guilty. The trick's loaded statements lull the accused into accepting responsibility for the crime.

正式的審訊會非常嚴密和系統化，用到像"裏德技巧"之類的審訊方法。20世紀50年代約翰裏德（測謊分析師）發明了這套審訊體系並由約翰裏德聯合公司傳授其方法。只要九步，犯人就會繳械投降。審訊者要滔滔不絕，好像罪名成立一樣。這個把戲用一些別有用意的話慢慢地把被指控的人引入要對這起犯罪負責的節奏中去。

Although the technique is still commonly taught, many see major flaws. One of its biggest drawbacks is its focus on body language. Step 6, for instance, tells the interrogator to look for "physical signs of surrender" because "tears at this stage positively indicate the suspect's guilt." The connection between anxiety and lying is tenuous at best; an honest man locked away in a police precinct will likely exhibit suspicious traits when pressed, while a cold-blooded sociopath can weave a murderous tapestry of lies without blinking. The Reid Technique is infamous for drawing false confessions, particularly from children. In some European countries, it cannot legally be used to question juveniles.

雖然人們還在學習這個技巧，但是許多人看到了主要的缺陷。它最大的缺陷之一就是關注肢體語言。舉個例子，第六步要求審訊人尋找"投降的身體特徵"，因爲"在這個階段如果流眼淚的話恰好證明了嫌疑人有罪"。焦慮和說謊之間的聯繫最多也就那麼一點；一個老實人被關在警局裏，當他被強行逼供的時候也可能表現出一些可疑的跡象，而一個冷血的反社會分子可以眼睛都不眨一下，編織出一籮筐的謊言。裏德技巧因爲把人們（特別是小孩）屈打成招而背上了罵名。在一些歐洲國家，在審問青少年的時候使用裏德技巧是不合法的。

Fatal Debt Interrogation

8.致命的債務審訊

On March 29, 2011, Indonesian businessman Irzen Octa was called to a Jakarta Citibank office to discuss the $5,700 he owed on his platinum card. Octa was sent to an interrogation room used to question debtors, where he was beset by three third-party collectors: Arif Lukman, Henry Waslington, and Donal Harris.

2011年3月29日，印度尼西亞商人Irzen Octa被叫到雅加達花旗銀行，討論他白金卡里拖欠的5700美金一事。他被送到一間審問債務人的審訊室裏，在那裏他被三個第三方收債人圍攻：Arif Lukman, Henry Waslington和 Donal Harris。

Indonesian banks are known to hound debtors, but what happened to Octa defies comprehension. Security footage shows him walking into the interrogation room, which had no cameras of its own. Over two hours later, he is shown being rolled out the room in a wheelchair, perhaps already dead. The bank may have attempted to cover-up the death, as a single medical examiner released conflicting reports. Several doctors examined the body, listing the cause of death as asphyxiation and brain hemorrhage caused by blunt violence. The three debt collectors were sentenced to five years in prison for their role in Octa's death.

印度尼西亞銀行騷擾債務人是出了名的。但是發生在 Octa身上的一切卻實在讓人無法理解。安全監控錄影帶裏顯示他走進了沒有攝像頭的審訊室。兩個小時之後，他就坐在一把輪椅上被推出了房間，或許那個時候他就已經死了。銀行也許試圖想要掩蓋其罪行，因爲有一位法醫發佈了許多自相矛盾的報告。一些醫生檢查了屍體都認爲死因是因鈍物襲擊引起的窒息和腦出血。因爲暴力毆打導致了Octa的死亡，最後這三個收債人被判處五年監禁。

FBI's Interrogation Guide

7.美國聯邦調查局的審訊指南

Under the Freedom of Information Act signed by Lyndon B. Johnson, the government regularly releases formerly classified intelligence to the public. These reports are heavily redacted, with black boxes removing names and details. Much of this stuff covers tedious bureaucratic proceedings, but there are some juicy bits, such as FBI files of well-known personalities. The highly anticipated CIA files on the JFK assassination are due to be made public in 2017.

在林頓·約翰遜總統簽署的信息自由法案裏，政府要定期向公衆公開一些以前的機密情報。這些報告經過大量的修改，還有一些刪除姓名和細節的黑匣子。許多資料都要通過單調乏味的官方審覈，但其中也不乏猛料，比如說美國聯邦調查局裏著名人物的檔案資料。人們極度期待的關於肯尼迪遇刺案的中情局文件將在2017年被公之於衆。

Other sought-after documents include the FBI's internal guidelines. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) has been trying to get its hands on this material for years. In 2011, the FBI released a censored version of their interrogation procedures. However, in a bizarre turn, it was discovered that this information—without redactions—had been available through the US Copyright Office. For some inexplicable reason, a high-ranking FBI official registered the form for copyright, making it publicly available. Unlike the FBI's redacted version, the uncensored copy reveals that only FBI "clean" teams, who plan to bring cases to court, must follow the stated regulations. This indicates that underground operations work far outside the boundaries of the law. The uncensored report also confirms that the FBI uses the aforementioned Reid technique.

其他一些很吃香的文件包括聯邦調查局內部的審訊指南。美國公民自由協會多年來一直想要掌握這份資料。2011年，美國聯邦調查局發佈了一份審訊程序的校隊版本。然而，讓人匪夷所思的是人們發現如果沒有經過修改的話這份資料在美國版權局就可以得到。出於某些無法說明的原因，聯邦調查局的高層官員將其註冊爲版權形式，完全對公衆公開。不像聯邦調查局的修改版本，未經審查的版本揭露了只有聯邦局裏計劃將案件提交給法庭的"乾淨"團隊才必須遵守相關規定。這就表明了它們的地下工作已經遠遠超出了法律的界限。此外該報告還證明了聯邦調查局使用了之前提到的裏德審訊技巧。

rrogation Room Suicide

6.審訊室自殺事件

The morning of December 19, 2003 would be a surreal one for the officers of San Bernadino County, California's Sheriff's Department. Deputy Michael Parham stopped 47-year-old Ricardo Alfonso Cerna for a traffic violation, only to have Cerna open fire, shooting him twice in the abdomen. Cerna was captured shortly thereafter and send to headquarters. He was placed in an interrogation room by the head of the homicide unit, Bobby Dean. But Cerna had no intention of being questioned.

2003年12月19日早晨發生的事情對於加州聖伯納迪諾縣警局的警員來說就像做夢一樣。副警長邁克爾·帕勒姆因爲交通違章攔下了47歲的裏卡多•阿方索•塞爾納的車，但這卻使塞爾納對他開火，在他的腹部射了兩槍。那之後不久塞爾納就被警方逮捕送到總部。兇殺案組的組長波比迪安將他押進審訊室，但是塞爾納卻無意接受審問。

Dean gave the suspect a bottle of water and stepped out into the hallway to speak with another officer. Then Cerna replaced the cap on the bottle of water, pulled a .45-caliber handgun from his pants, and calmly shot himself through the left temple. Dean returned to the room and exhaled a string of stunned expletives. Exactly how the official interrogation footage was made available to the public has not been revealed—it was distributed to various law enforcement agencies and could have been leaked anywhere along the line. Officials claimed disciplinary action was taken against officers in the Cerna case but did not provide we accept the footage at face value, police arrested a man for shooting an officer and then allowed him into police headquarters with his massive handgun. Such a lapse of responsibility is so shocking that some believe there may have been a conspiracy.

迪安給了他一瓶水然後走到走廊與另一名警員聊天。然後塞爾納蓋上瓶蓋，從他褲子裏拿出一把45口徑的手槍，平靜地在他的左腦門上開了一槍。迪安回到審訊室聞到一股火藥味。到底官方審訊錄像裏錄製了什麼還沒有被公之於衆——它被分發到各個執法部門，在其中的任何一個環節都有可能被泄露。官方稱已經對涉及塞爾納案的警員進行了紀律處分，但是沒有提供具體的細節。如果我們光看表面，警察逮捕了一名襲警的人，然後讓他帶槍進入到警察總局。這種過失實在讓人覺得不可思議，所以有些人認爲其中必有陰謀。

翻譯：高陳影 來源：前十網