盤點已經擁有2000年曆史的十大職業(上)
Ever stayed at a hotel and felt you got ripped off? This is nothing new.
你有過這種經歷吧--曾經入住某個旅館，然後深深地覺得自己被老闆宰了，這已經不是什麼稀奇事了。Ancient innkeepers had such an unsavory reputation that Babylon's Code of Hamurabi from 1754 B.C.E. specified that the punishment for cheating a patron who ordered a drink was death (by being thrown into the water).
古代客棧老闆的名聲一直不好，公元前1754年，古巴比倫的《漢謨拉比法典》中就詳細記載着一位老闆所受的刑罰，因爲他隱瞞了一位顧客的死亡實情，並將其拋屍河中。Perhaps you didn't know that innkeeping had been around so long. We often talk about the occupations that become obsolete, but many others have survived for centuries.
也許你並不知道客棧老闆這個職業已經有這麼長的存在歷史了。我們常常會討論那些已經消亡的職業，但是有很多職業已經存在了幾個世紀，
Pretty much any occupation that serves a basic function – like garbage collectors, clergymen and bureaucrats — will likely never go away.
一些基礎職業似乎會永遠存在，比如清潔員、神職人員以及官員。Curious about which occupations have stood the test of time? Here are 10 that have been in existence for at least 2,000 years, and some for much longer.
想知道哪些職業承受住了時間的考驗？下面是十個存在時間超過了兩千年的職業，其中一部分存在的時間甚至更長。r
10.烘焙師Professional bakers have been around at least as far back as 3000 B.C.E., when the ancient Egyptian empire was flourishing.
職業烘焙師這個職業至少可追溯到公元前3000年，那時古埃及王國還處於繁盛時期。Artwork on ancient tombs, statuettes and other Egyptian artifacts depict scenes of large numbers of people kneading dough or baking loaves.
古代陵墓、小雕像上的藝術作品，以及別的埃及藝術繪畫上描繪了很多人在揉麪團、烘烤一些塊狀麪包的場景。An excavation of a Giza bakery, circa 3000 B.C.E., shows that at that time, bakers used heavy pottery Molds to make their breads; the molds were then placed on embers to bake.
吉薩烘焙店的出土文物顯示，約公元3000年以前，烘焙師們會用很重的陶器模具製作麪包，然後會把這些模具放在灰燼上烤。By about 1500 B.C.E., bakers were preparing bread in clay ovens.
到了公元前1500年的時候開始使用粘土做的烤爐製作麪包。
The process involved slapping a doughy disk onto a heated oven wall, then peeling it off when it was fully baked (and before it fell into the embers below).
製作的過程是：把麪餅貼在熱爐的爐壁上烘烤，烤熟之後，在麪包掉到下面的灰燼上之前把它弄下來。During the Middle Ages, European bakers were governed by craft guilds, which determined the price of a loaf of bread, fines for cheating and quality standards.
中世紀時，歐洲的烘焙師由手工業行會統一管理，行會統一制定每塊麪包的單價、規定質量標準，以及處罰欺詐行爲。At this point in time, people were typically eating unleavened bread. Since it was hard to chew and digest, bakers crafted these breads in thin disks that people used as plates.
那個時候，人們通常吃的都是未發酵麪包，都很難咀嚼、消化，所以烘焙師們就把麪包切成薄片當成裝食物的小盤子。As they ate, their bread "plates" absorbed the juices from their foods so that eventually the "plate" could be easily downed.
這樣，人們吃東西時，這些“麪包盤子”就會吸收食物中的汁液，最終也讓麪包更容易下嚥。Today, bakers still flourish, whether it's at a small cupcake shop or as part of a large chain of supermarkets.
如今，烘焙師依然是個熱門行業，無論是在小紙杯蛋糕店，還是在大型超市的供應鏈上，都會有他們的身影。her
9.屠夫It's hard to say for sure when the first professional butcher opened shop.
很難確定第一位職業屠夫是何時開始開店做生意的。But scientists and underwater archaeologists with the University of Miami found the butchered remains of a giant sloth dating back about 12,000 years in a Florida sinkhole.
但是邁阿密大學的科學家以及水下建築師們在弗羅裏達的一個落水洞中發現了一隻巨大的樹懶於12000年前被屠宰之後的殘留物。Whether or not this was the work of a pro, we do know butchers were in business in the ancient Roman Empire by 100 C.E.
無論這是不是出自一個職業屠夫之手，我們現今已知，屠夫這個職業最早始於公元100年的古羅馬時代。A relief sculpture from that period shows a butcher in his shop, cleaver in hand, hooks hanging overhead and a meat-dressing table nearby.
一個古羅馬時期的浮雕就描繪了這樣的情景：一個屠夫在他自己的店中，手中拿着剁肉刀，頭頂上懸掛着鉤子，附近有一個堆滿了肉的桌子。
The profession became more popular over the centuries until its apex in the 19th and 20th centuries, when meatpacking behemoths like those working out of Chicago's Union Stock Yards reigned over the industry and skilled meat cutters were in great demand.
這個職業在19世紀以及20世紀達到了巔峯，非常受歡迎，那時候芝加哥聯合牲畜飼養場的肉類加工業巨頭們壟斷了這個產業，而這個行業需要大量熟練的切肉工人。But as the 20th century wound down, supermarkets muscled out butcher shops and meat consumption began to be viewed as not so great for one's health, causing the number of butcher jobs to tumble.
但是在20世紀，這個職業慢慢在衰落，超市代替了肉店，並且人們意識到肉類對人體並非有百益而無一害，這讓許多屠夫遭遇了職業滑鐵盧。However, in the early 21st century, quality products from small producers became fashionable, like craft beer, artisan cheese and locally grown specialty meats.
然而，在21世紀初期，小生產商生產的高品質食品開始流行起來，比如精釀啤酒、手工奶酪以及當地特有的肉類。Today, industry consultants say butchers are in demand, and higher-end butcher shops are on the rise.
如今，產業諮詢師們說，屠夫在未來有很多選擇，並且高檔肉店正迎來新的發展機會。enter
8.木匠Carpentry was another profession that flourished in ancient Egypt. Some carpenters were permanent employees of the pharaoh, while others labored in workshops.
木匠行業是興盛於古埃及的一個行業。一部分木匠長期被法老僱傭，另一些則在車間工作。Most of their business was in building tomb-related items, but they also crafted doors, window fretwork, beds and tables.
他們的主要工作是建造陵墓以及附屬項目，同時他們也製作木質的門、細工浮雕的窗戶，以及木牀和木桌子等。Egyptian drawings from 2,000 years ago show wood furniture, and the same has been found in tombs.
兩千年前的古埃及繪畫中就有木製傢俱，陵墓中出土的文物也有木製傢俱的身影。The ancient Egyptians also invented veneering (gluing thin strips of wood together) and were the first to varnish their woodwork.
古埃及人也發明了薄木片（用膠條黏合木條），並且首次給木材上漆。
The ancient Greeks, Romans, Chinese and Middle Easterners also had professional carpenters in their midst, constructing ships, intricately carved paneling, aqueducts and even weapons such as catapults and battering rams.
在古希臘、古羅馬、中國以及中東都有職業木匠的存在，他們能構建船隻、鑲板、引水渠以及彈弓和攻城鐵槌等武器。Archaeologists found a furniture shop in Pompeii while excavating the famous site buried under volcanic ash.
考古學家在發掘被火山灰掩埋的著名遺址龐貝古城時也發現了傢俱店存在的痕跡。Today, carpentry remains a popular profession, with people learning the craft through apprenticeships, much as in the past.
如今，木匠行業依舊是一個受大衆歡迎的職業，人們也仍似從前一般依照學徒制度學習木工。Carpenters work on everything from buildings and bridges to furniture and artwork. The job market for carpenters in the U.S. is supposed to increase 24 percent from 2012 to 2022, a much higher rate than most other occupations.
木匠的工作領域十分廣泛，從建造建築、橋樑，到傢俱和藝術品製作。2012至2022年，美國木匠行業的就業率有望提高24個百分點，超出其他行業增長比率。
