恐怖襲擊心理陰影爲何難愈
September 11 2001 is a date tattooed on the neurons of every person who watched television on the day of those attacks.
2001年9月11日被紋在了在恐怖襲擊當天看了電視的每個人的神經元上。
While that has not changed over the past 15 years, what has is the meaning of this mental tattoo.
儘管這一點在過去15年裏沒有變化，但這種精神紋身的含義已經發生了改變。
What was then seen as a one-off event became the gateway to being part of an existing a worldwide problem.
9/11恐怖襲擊曾被視爲一次性事件，但自那以來這一事件已經成爲通往一個世界性問題的門戶。
On September 11, Europe gazed in horror at what was going on across the ocean in the US.
歐洲曾在9月11日恐懼地凝視着大西洋對岸的美國發生的恐襲事件。
But the past two years will be remembered as the years that changed Europe’s position from that of bystander to being the main victim.
但歷史將會銘記的是，歐洲的角色在過去兩年裏從旁觀者轉變爲了主要受害者。
I was 12 years old in 1994 when the first bus exploded in the centre of Tel Aviv, killing 22 people.
1994年的時候我12歲，當時在特拉維夫市中心發生了首起巴士爆炸事件，導致22人死亡。
My mother gave me this advice, packed with my lunchbox, as I set off for school the next day: When you are in a public place, always make sure you know where the emergency exits are.
第二天我準備去上學的時候，我母親在午餐盒上放了一個字條：在公共場所的時候，始終要確保你知道緊急出口在哪裏。
During an event in an open space, be certain to have a clear path in case you need to escape.
參加室外活動的時候，確保有一條通路，在需要時可以逃生。
I was not allowed to watch the news after the attack: This is not a sight for children but I did not have to.
在恐怖襲擊活動之後，大人們不讓我看新聞：這不是小孩們看的，但我不用看。
Kids can smell fear: it has a strong scent, like the wet fur of a dog.
小孩們可以聞到恐懼：它具有強烈的氣味，就像是打溼了的狗毛一樣。
Every bang! from a car engine made everyone jump.
汽車發動機的每一聲巨響都會讓所有人嚇一跳。
In the shopping mall, in a restaurant, at a concert, suspicious looks were exchanged.
在購物中心、餐館以及音樂會上，人們彼此猜疑地看着對方。
It was as if, at any moment, the street you knew by heart might turn into a different planet, a burning jungle.
你熟知的這條街道似乎隨時可能變成一個不同的星球，一個燃燒的叢林。
And now it is Europe that is burning and the smell of fear haunts the streets after each atrocity, long after the last camera is switched off.
如今則是歐洲在燃燒，每一次恐怖襲擊之後，街道上恐懼的氣味在最後一臺攝像機關閉很久之後還久久不散。
Everyone is talking about terror.
每個人都在談論恐懼。
Everyone is asking how Europe should cope with terror.
每個人都在問，歐洲應該如何應對恐懼。
From the European debt crisis in 2009 all the way back to the Black Death in the 14th century, terror is just the latest latest in a long line of threat to European society.
從2009年歐洲債務危機一直回溯至14世紀的黑死病，恐懼只是歐洲社會面臨的一長串威脅中最新的一個。
But when we say threat, what do we mean?
但是當我們說威脅的時候，我們指的是什麼？
Terror is a psychological state, a subjective experience of intense fear.
恐懼是一種心理狀態，是對極端畏懼的一種主觀體驗。
It has, of course, political and economic implications but these are driven by the psychological experience.
它當然具有政治和經濟含義，但這是由心理上的體驗推動的。
Terror aims at our psyche: it threatens the minds of the crowd far more than it endangers them physically.
恐懼針對的是我們的心理：它對民衆心理上的威脅遠遠超過它對他們人身安全的威脅。
To live with terrorism is to fight for a clear, un-panicked mind.
與恐怖主義共存就是要爭取維持清晰、冷靜的頭腦。
To live with terrorism is to face the psychological threat, rather than enmeshbecome enmeshed in anxiety.
與恐怖主義共存就是要直面心理上的威脅，而不是陷入焦慮之中。
Psychologists distinguish between external threat and internal threat.
心理學家區分了外在威脅和內在威脅。
External threats are there in reality: a lion, a clash with your boss.
外在威脅是現實存在的：一頭獅子，與老闆發生衝突。
These are objective problems, based on objective data.
這些是基於客觀數據的客觀問題。
In France in 1346, you had a 50 per cent chance of losing your life to the Black Death.
在1346年的法國，你有50%的機率死於黑死病。
This was not a subjective or psychological threat.
這不是主觀或心理上的威脅。
This was reality.
這是現實。
An internal threat is different: here, we focus on the psychological experience of danger, regardless of the objective facts.
內在威脅有所不同：這裏我們專注於對危險的心理體驗，無論客觀事實如何。
The objective threat to Europeans from global terror is relatively minor.
歐洲遭受全球恐怖活動的客觀威脅相對較小。
It is in the subjective threat where the terrorists really win.
恐怖分子真正取勝的地方在於主觀上的威脅。
I am not implying that terror is not a threat.
我並不是說恐怖主義不是威脅。
Terrorism has taken the lives of more than 265 innocent people in Europe since the beginning of 2015.
自2015年初以來，恐怖主義奪去了逾265條無辜的生命。
But the smell of fear in European cities has a psychological source rather than stemming from an objective threat to everyday life.
但歐洲城市中的恐懼氣味來源於心理因素，而非日常生活中的客觀威脅。
The terrorists’ victory is not through the actual conquering of European land (which is out of the question) or through the death tolls from their attacks but through the fear they manage to create.
恐怖分子的勝利不是通過對歐洲土地的實際征服（這完全不可能）或者襲擊活動造成的死亡人數獲得的，而是通過他們成功製造的畏懼獲得。
The real tragedy of terror is what it makes us do to each other.
恐懼的真正悲劇在於它改變了我們對彼此的態度。
We start fearing people just because of how they look: the colour of their skin, the way they dress.
我們開始僅僅因爲某些人的樣子而畏懼他們：他們的膚色以及他們的穿着。
The inner racist, usually forced to stay silent, suddenly opens its ugly mouth.
內在的那個通常被迫保持沉默的種族主義者，忽然張開了醜陋的嘴。
But could it be that we can learn to live with terror just as we live with traffic pollution? It is there, it stinks, it may kill us and yet we go out, drive and walk along the streets.
但有沒有可能我們能夠學會與恐懼共存，就像我們學會與交通污染共存一樣？污染就在那裏，發出刺鼻的氣味，可能會要我們的命，但我們還是會出門，開車，行走在大街上。
Living, working, loving.
我們活着、工作着、愛着。
This is the real triumph over terror.
這纔是真正地戰勝了恐懼。
