中英雙語話歷史 第6期:夏朝(奴隸制國家的建立)

According to the documents, when Yu was old, he selected Bo Yi, a chieftain of Dongyi tribe, as the successor.

文獻記載，禹年老時，曾選東夷族的一位首領益爲繼承人。

However, after his death, Qi, the son of Yu, seized the throne, and killed Bo Yi.

但禹死後， 禹之子啓奪得王位，並殺掉益。

From then on, the period of Abdication came to an end, while the hereditary monarchy started.

從此，中國歷史上的“禪讓時代”結束, 王位世襲制開始。

Yu of the Xia cAlled in all the vassals to the capital Yangzhai to celebrate his inauguration at tai in order to get the recognition of them. This indicated that the reign of the Xia had been established.

爲了使世襲王權爲衆多的諸侯所確認，夏啓在都城陽翟召集衆多的諸侯，舉行盛大的“鈞臺之享”，這表明夏王朝的統治基礎已經完全確定了。

After the succession, Qi wiped out You Hu Shi tribe at the battle of Gan, then won the battle of Xihe and killed Wuguan, which contributed to the consolidation of his reign. Qi finally became the king who had unified the country.

啓即位後，經過甘之戰消滅了有扈氏，又在西河之戰中取勝殺掉武觀，從而鞏固了自己的地位，成了一統天下的天子。

The foundation of Xia is a turning point in Chinese history.

夏的建立是中國歷史上的轉折點。

For a long time, the knowledge about the Xia had been based on ancient documents for lack of written records from the Xia, including kings, officials, army, penal code and prisons.

由於夏朝沒有文字直接流傳下來，所以，長期以來對其瞭解還主要依賴古代文獻的記載，包括夏朝的國王、官吏、軍隊以及刑獄情況。

Nowadays, large-scale palaces, tombs, as well as bronze vessels were excavated at Erlitou Village in Yanshi County Henan Province, which reflect the information on the politics, economy, culture and social life of the Xia Dynasty.

現代以來,河南省偃師縣 (今偃師市）二里頭村遺址中大型宮殿、墓葬以及許多青銅器的出土，從一個側面揭示了作爲奴隸制的夏朝的政治、經濟及社會文化、生活等等方面的情況。

State System： The Xia was built on the ruin of primitive commune system.

國家制度:夏朝的國家制度是在原始公社制度的廢墟上建立起來的奴隸制度。

In the process of its disintegration, the patriarchy began to confront with the commune system, whereas the hereditary kingship and nobility evolved on the base of the patriarchy. All levels of nobles still maintained the original blood relationship, distinguishing surnames strictly.

在原始公社制度解體的過程中，父權家長制家庭成爲它的一種對抗力量。而奴隸制國家的世襲王權和世襲貴族，就是以父權家長制家庭爲基礎逐步發展起來的，各級貴族組織仍然要保持舊的血緣聯繫,嚴格區分姓氏。

Accordingly, clan relationship was set respectively.

依姓氏的區別建立了各自的宗族關係。

Though followed the old clan system, the agnation focused on the patriarchy, and defined a noble rank and status according to their positions in the family hierarchy and kinship.

這種宗族關係雖然沿襲了舊的氏族組織的遺制,但實際上是以父權家長制爲核心，按其輩分高低和族屬親疏關係來確定各級貴族的等級地位的。

State Organs： The Xia is a slave-owning state. The establishment of hereditary monarchy eliminated the function of the tribe as an organization representing the will of its members and taking care of its own affairs.

國家機構:夏朝是一個奴隸制國家。世襲貴族制度剔除了部族代表管理內部事務的職能。

What was emerging instead was a state apparatus on which one class ruling over another.

取而代之的是國家機器的建立，用以實現一個階級對另一個階級的統治。

Slave owners evolving from clan nobles were in dominant position and the mass laborers were slaves.

奴隸主是由氏族貴族轉化而來的，處於統治地位。廣大勞動者爲奴隸身份。

The king, also called uTianzi>, (the son of God) had all kinds of officials responsible for various affairs.

國王亦稱天子，其下有“百吏”，掌管朝事。

The Xia Dynasty by then had not only erected city walls, but also established its own army, penal code and prisons. Xiatai was the most notorious one.

夏朝時不僅建有城牆，還有軍隊、刑罰和監獄。

It is said that Tang, the king of the Shang Dynasty had been incarcerated there.

最著名的監獄叫“夏臺”。相傳商湯曾被囚於此。