中英雙語話歷史 第69期:五代十國(遼和西夏)
Five dynasties were the five kingdoms established on the Central Plain and the ten states were all in the south of the Qinling Rang and Huihe River except the Northern Han. Meanwhile, there were other parallel administrations established by minorities tribes like Liao and the West Xia.
Liao was a regime dominated by the Khitan. Its capital was Linhuangfu in Shangjing( south of present-day Bairin Left Banner in Inner Mongolia), and its founder was a man called Yelu Abaoji(the Han name was Yi).
遼國是中國歷史上以契丹族爲主體建立的王朝，都城上京臨潢府（今內蒙古巴林左旗南），其創建者爲耶律阿保機（漢名億）。The Liao Dynasty had nine emperors and ruled for 210 years.
遼國共歷九帝，前後210年。
Its territory reached the coast of the Northern Sea, the Eastern Sea, the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea in the east, the Jinshan (now the A'ertai Mountain) and Liusha (now the Bailongdui Desert in Xinjiang) in the west, the Kelulun, the E’erkun and the Selun’ge Rivers in the north, the southern side of the Outer Xing^nling Mountains in the northeast, the northern part bordered the Northern Shanxi, Baigou in Hebei Province and the northern part of Gansu in the south.
其疆域東臨北海、東海、黃海、渤海，西 至金山（今阿爾泰山）、流沙（今新疆白龍堆沙漠），北至克魯倫河、鄂爾昆河、色楞格河流域，東北迄外興安嶺南麓，南接山西北部、河北白溝河及今甘肅北界。The Rising and Development of Liao：The Khitan Tartars were an old normadic nationality from the northern China.
遼的興起和發展:契丹族是中國古代北方地區的一個遊牧民族，以放牧、打獵爲生。They were first mentioned in historical records dating from the 4th year of Dengguo(389) in the Northern Wei period.
歷史文獻上有關契丹族的確實記載，始於北魏登國四年(389)。They were located in Huang River(the Xar Moron River) valley and lived a nomadic life. The tribe was increasingly grown.
主要活動在潢河(今西拉木倫河)一帶。By the early Tang Dynasty, the then existing eight Khitan tribes formed an ally, having an army of 40 000 and was under the control of the Tang regime.
唐朝初年，契丹8個部落組成部落聯盟，擁兵四萬，接受唐朝統轄。After the decline of the Tang, the Khitan Tartars frequently attacked its neighbours, captured people from other states and rapidly increased in power.
唐朝衰落後，契丹族不斷向外擴張，俘掠外族人口，實力大增。In the 2nd year of Zhenming of the Later Liang (916), Yelu Abaoji, the chief of the Khitan Tartars, declared himself emperor and named his state Khitan, after having defeated other tribes like Cige and died.
後梁貞明二年(916)，契丹族首領耶律阿保機憑藉強大的軍事力量,擊敗了的剌葛、迭剌等人，在龍化州稱天皇帝，國號契丹。Two years later, Yelu Abaoji, who was known as Emperor Taizu(the first emperor) of the Liao, set up his capital north of the Xar Moron River and named it Huangdu (imperial capital ； later called Shangjing).
神冊三年(918)，遼太祖耶律阿保機在潢河以北正式建都城，稱爲皇都(後改稱上京）。Before long, he conquered the Uygurs in Ganzhou and captured the Bohai.
隨後，降服甘州回鶻，滅渤海國。In the 1st year of Huitong (947), Emperor Taizong of the Liao defeated the Later Jin and changed the name of his dynasty to the “Great Liao”.
會同元年(947),遼太宗滅後晉，改國號大遼。In the 1st year of Tonghe (983), the Liao Emperor Shengzong, Yelu Longxu, revived the name Khitan.
統和元年(983),遼聖宗耶律隆緒曾改國號契丹。Later in the 2nd year of Xianyong (1066), Emperor Daozong restored the name the “Great Liao”.
以後遼道宗鹹雍二年（1066)，又恢復大遼國號。During the reign of Taizong of Liao, Liao acquired sixteen cities of Yanyun from Shi Jingtang and started from which it began to extend to the Central Plain.
遼太宗耶律德光統治時期，遼國從石敬塘的手中得到了燕雲十六州。以此爲基礎,遼開始了對中原地區的擴張。Yelu Deguang launched several attacks to conquer the Central Plain but had to retreat in facing the severe counterattacks from the people there.
耶律德光數次對中原進兵，希望征服整個中國，但因中原人民的反抗，使其計劃擱淺下來。After Taizong of Liao, from Ruan, the Shizong(947 ?950) of Liao to Jing, AAuzong (951 ?969)，the period witnessed the conflicts from within and the rulers did not turn their head to the Cen-tral Plain. The conflicts were settled till Xian，Jingzong (969 ?982) of Liao.
在太宗之後，經歷世宗阮（947 ~ 950)和穆宗璟（951 ~ 969)兩代，遼的統治內部出現了激烈的紛爭，直到景宗賢 (969 ~ 982)時，其統治才漸漸穩定下來。Jingzong was succeeded by his 12-year-old son, known as Shengzong, who co-ruled Liao with his mother, Empress Xiao. Xiao was an outstanding female statesman in history. In the fourth year of Shengzong (987), Liao launched war against Song and won the battle.
景宗死後，其子12歲的耶律隆緒即位，是爲遼聖宗。由於聖宗年齡尚小，所以由其母蕭太后攝政，蕭太后是遼歷史上著名的女政治家，於聖宗統和四年(987)進 兵攻宋，大敗宋軍。From then on , Liao started their attack on the Song every year till the 22nd year of Shengzong , Liao army threatened the Chanzhou city and was offered to sign a compromise with Zhenzong of Song according to which the Song was forced to contribute to Liao silver and goods annually in return of the peace.
此後，遼國連年發兵攻宋，至聖宗二十二年，遼國攻至澶州城下，與宋真宗簽定了“澶淵之盟”，迫使宋朝年年向遼國進貢“歲幣”，遼宋兩國從此相對安定下來。Therefore a temporary peace was bought, and with the tributes from the Song, Liao became rich and strong and attained the height of power and splendor.
遼聖宗依靠宋國的進貢，使遼的經濟發展起來，此時遼國達到了歷史上的鼎盛時期。Liao reached a stage of decline after Shengzong and Xingzong( 1031 ?1055).
經過聖宗、興宗（1031 ~1055)的盛世之後，遼國開始走向衰亡。In 1101, when Emperor of Tian Zuo came into power, Liao was progressively threatened by Jin of Nuzhen, their rising neighbor.
公元1101年， 遼天柞帝即位，此時隨着女真族的興起，遼國的統治逐漸受到威脅。In 1115 Jin captured Huang Longfu, an important city of Liao. At the same time, Jin reached an agreement with Song, namely the “Haishang Agreement” to form a joint force to fight against Liao.
公元1115年， 金兵攻佔遼國重鎮黃龍府，隨後又與宋朝訂立“海上之盟”，共同攻遼。In several years, Jin seized most of Liao’s territory including Uaoyangfu in Dongjing. In the 5th year of Baoda (1125), Emperor Tianzuo was captured by the Jin army, which brought the Liao Dynasty to an end.
金兵在幾年的時間裏，佔領了包括東京遼陽府在內的大部分遼國土地，保大五年（1125)，遼天祚帝被金軍俘虜,遼國自此滅亡。In the 9th year of Tianhui (1131) of the Jin, Yelu Dashi, a minister of the former Liao, reestablished the Liao in the Chuhe valley which became known as the Western Liao.
金天會九年（1131)，原遼國大臣耶律大石在楚河 流域重建國家，仍沿用遼國號，史稱西遼。The Economy and Political System of Liao ： In politics, the Liao adopted a differential ruling system. That is, different systems were applied to people from different cultures and economies in different areas.
遼的社會經濟和政治:遼國採用“因俗而治”的統治制度，其特點是根據不同地域、各民族不同的發展水平，而制定獨特的統治制度。The important ones were the tribal system, the slavery system, the Bohai system, and the feudal system of the Han people. Officials were divided into two groups according to where they came from (the north or the south)esponding administration systems were set up for each area.
其內容包括有部族制、奴隸制、渤海制和漢族封建制，採用南、北兩套官制進行管理。“官分南、北，以國制治契丹,以漢制待漢人”（《遼史?百官志》）。The Khitan administrative system, called the orthodox system, was applied to Khitan officials who were called northern officials, while the Han administrative system was applied to the Han officials, who were called southern officials.
“國制”是指契丹官制，統稱北面官，漢制官職統稱南面官。北面官地位優於南面官。北南兩面官的區別還在於管理的範圍不同。Because of different customs and levels of economic development, the northern officials mainly governed the Khitan Tartars and other nomadic peoples while the southern officials took charge of agriculture mainly in areas where the Han people resided.
北面官主要管理北面的契丹人和其他遊牧民族，南面官主管南面從事農業經濟的漢族等。As the Liao Dynasty was founded by the Khitan, the northern officials were superior in status to their southern counterparts. But the southern administrative system was actually the feudal system used to be practiced in the Central Plain states.
北面官制是在契丹氏族部落制基礎上發展來的一套官制。因此，北面官職多保留部落聯盟制的痕跡。遼南面官制實際上是從中原王朝移植過來的制度。The northern administration system embodied the old trace of tribe influence, while the southern administrative of Liao was an imitation after the Tang system although it was not so perfect as the latter.
最初，遼太祖仿唐制在中央設立三省，但是當時還未完全具備後來南面官三省的職能。In particular it included a department “Han，er Si”，which was in charge of the Han affairs with Han officials.
朝中另設漢兒司，主管漢人事務，官員爲總知漢兒司事，由漢族大臣擔任。After the Liao conquered the sixteen prefectures in the Yanyun area, this system was further improved with the assimilation to the Chinese governing system.
遼朝得燕雲十六州後，對中原制度進一步吸收，漢制逐漸完備。The Liao Dynasty went through different stages of economic development. In its early years, it mainly depended on outward expansion, slavery and robbery, so its development remained slow and disrupted.
遼代社會經濟的發展經過幾個不同的階段，前期由於國力主要用於向外擴張, 採取奴隸制的掠奪式經濟，使遼初經濟發展較爲緩慢,甚至對某些地區的經濟造成破壞。It was not until the reign of Emperor Shengzong that the Liao managed to institute feudal reform.
直到遼聖宗時期，遼朝的經濟纔有一個較大的發展，這無疑是封建化改革的結果。The Liao rulers also adopted a differential economic management system, similar to its political one.
遼朝統治者管理經濟的辦法與政治制度相同，也採取“因俗而治”的方針。This system promoted the economic development throughout the whole northern area due to its adaptation to the reality.
由於這一方針適應當時社會經濟的發展，因此北方社會經濟在這一時期處於上升階段。The Liao economy was divided into three zones： the fishing-hunting zone, the nomadic zone and the agricultural zone.
從生產性質上劃分，遼代經濟大體可劃分爲三大區域:漁獵區、牧區和農區。The fishing-hunting zone covered the Khitan Tartars9 area between the Huang River(Xar Moron) and Tuhe rivers, and the Nuzhen peopled area in the northeast and so on.
以漁獵爲基本生產方式的是居住在潢河（西拉木侖河）、土河之間的契丹族以及東北部女真族等。The nomadic zone consisted of various northern grassland nationalities.
以畜牧業爲基本生產方式的是北方草原各民族。The agricultural zone referred to the southern area where the Han lived and the eastern area where the Bohai people lived.
以農業爲主要生產方式的是南部地區的漢族以及東部渤海人。The integration of the three economic zones into a political system sped up communication between different nationalities and promoted a higher level of economic development.
三個地區的社會組織形態融爲一體，加速了相互之間的交流，推動了遼代經濟的發展。The southern economy, which had been feudal for a long time, dominated the whole economy and directed other economic zones to step into the feudal economic system with different paces.
早已進人封建社會的南部漢族地區經濟，在遼代起主導作用,使牧區、漁獵區在不同的基礎上，以不同的步伐向封建經濟過渡。
