中英雙語話歷史 第82期:明朝(周邊關係)
A brief introduction:The AAing armies pushed back the Mongols to their origi nal territories and rushed into Inner Asia to occupy territories that had been Chinese prefectures since the Han Dynasty.
Only in the 15th century, the Ming armies suffered a throwback by the joined troops of Mongols, Oirats, and uTartarsIn the Northeast the Ming troops occupied Manchuria, and the Korean kingdom (Choson) of the Li Dynasty could be forced to accept the nominal supremacy of the Ming Dynasty.
僅在15世紀中期，明朝軍隊就遭遇到由蒙古人、瓦剌人和韃靼人的聯合軍隊的阻擊。在中國東北地區，明朝軍隊佔領了滿族人的居住地和朝鮮王國，當時朝鮮被迫接受了明朝名義上的統治。In the south, Ming troops could occupy northern Vietnam for a couple of years, but in 1427 the Le Dynasty could free Vietnam (Dai Viet ) from Chinese troops.
在南方，明朝軍隊佔領越南北部達2年之久。1427年，黎朝從中國部隊手裏解放了越南（當時叫大越）。
The Ming government and Buddhist institutions had intense relations with the different dukedoms (“daimyats”）of Japan. Likewise, Buddhist monks traveled to Tibet and India.
當時，明政權以及佛院和日本的各公國之間關係緊張，同時，佛教僧侶西去西藏和印度。The most important demonstration of Ming authority were the expeditions of the 15th century, led by the eunuch general Zheng He, “Sanbao Taijian”.
而對明朝在世界上的權威最具說明意義的，是15世紀由太監鄭和（三寶太監）率隊所進行的遠航。The Zheng He expeditions even reached Persia, Arabia and East Africa.
鄭和的遠航曾一度到達波斯、阿拉伯和非洲。The successful reoccupation of proper China until the end of 14th century was stopped at these traditional frontiers by the restrengthened nomad peoples.
到了14世紀末期，強大的中國對周邊成功的再佔領止於重新強大了的遊牧民族。The Great Wall was rebuilt and refortified in the mid of 15th century.
15世紀中期，明朝對長城進行了重新維修和加固。A further cause of the redraw of the Ming government from the international stage were the attacks of Japanese pirates (Wokou ； Japanese ： Wako) along the whole east coast. A-mong these pirates, smugglers and “grey” merchants were also Chinese outlaws and people from Southeast Asia. Pirates of the 16th century attacked all important cities of the Chinese east cost.
但是明政府在世界舞臺上的萎縮其更深原因是由於日本海盜在中國東南沿海的襲擾,這些日本海盜、走私者和“灰色”商人中夾雜由中國的犯人和南亞人，他們襲擊中國東部海岸的所有重鎮。Only in the 1560s the Chinese government was able to take control over the sea traffic on the east coasts.
直到16世紀60年代，明朝政府才控制了東海岸的水上交通。The importance and influence of Zheng He9s travel to the West： First, the travel to the West of Zheng He was the great event in the world navigation history, and it is more than half a century earlier than the opening of the new sea route by the European navigator Columbia. It is a great contribution to the world navigation.
鄭和下西洋的意義和影響:一、鄭和下西洋是世界航海史上的壯舉，比歐洲航海家哥倫布開闢新航路早半個多世紀，這是我國人民對航海事業的偉大貢獻。Second，it opened the sea route from China to the Red Sea and the seacoast of the East Africa.
二、開闢了中國到達紅海、東非沿岸的新航道。Third, it broadened the international trade and strengthened the friendship between the Chinese and the peoples of the Asian and African countries.
三、擴大了國際貿易，增進了中國同亞 非國家人民的友誼。Fourth, it made the oversea Chinese move to the Southeast Asia and promoted the development of the Southeast Asia.
四、進一步推動華僑移向南洋，從而促進了南洋的開發。Robbery of the Europeans to China： In the 16th century, the European colonists began to attack the Southeast seacoast areas of China.
歐洲人對中國的掠奪：16世紀時,歐洲殖民者開始侵擾我國東南沿海地區。The Portuguese often robbed along the seacoast area after they had occupied the Strait of Malacca.
葡萄牙人佔領滿剌加（馬六甲）後，常到我國沿海劫驚。In 1626 the Spanish occupied Jilong and Danshui in Taiwan.
1626年，西班牙殖民者侵佔我國臺灣的基隆和淡水。In 17th century, the Dutch dominated the sea in the world and tried to open the gate of China with force.
17世紀荷蘭稱霸海上，企圖用武力打開中國大門。In 1603 the Dutch occupied Penghu and was driven away by the soldiers and people in Fujian very soon.
1603年，荷蘭侵佔彭湖，不久，被福建軍民驅逐。Then in 1624 the Dutch defeated the Spanish and occupied Taiwan alone.
1624年，荷蘭人乘明朝防務鬆弛，侵佔我國臺灣南部。The Dutch carried the colonial control in Taiwan, which aroused the strong rebellion from the people in Taiwan.
後來，荷蘭人又打敗西班牙人，獨佔臺灣。荷蘭在臺灣實行殖民統治，引起臺灣人民的強烈反抗。
