中英雙語話史記 第76期:隋朝三省六部制
Three Departments and Six Ministries
三省六部制The Three Departments and Six Ministries System was initiated during the Sui Dynasty (581—618).
三省六部制首創於隋朝（581——618），Subject to some adjustments at different times, the system was employed by subsequent dynasties right up to and including the Qing (1644—1911).
這個制度在之後的朝代包括清朝（1644——1911）都得以應用並根據不同時期做出調整。
During the Sui Dynasty, the three departments were known as the Shangshu, Menxia and Neishi.
隋朝期間，三省指“尚書省”、“門下省”和“內史省”。The Shangshu Department was in charge of the administrative affairs of the country.
尚書省——負責執行國家的重要政令；The Neishi Department dealt with the issue of imperial orders.
內史省——負責頒佈皇帝的詔令；The Menxia Department handled the verification of orders and policies.
門下省——負責審覈各項政令和決策。The three boards restricted and oversaw each other.
三個部門互相牽制並監督彼此。The senior official of each department was equivalent to Zaixiang, namely prime minister.
各個部門的最高官員行使宰相的權力，被稱爲“納言”、“內史令”和“尚書令”。
“Six Ministries” referred to the six branches of the Shangshu Department.
六部指尚書省下設的六個部門。The Ministry of Civil Affairs—responsible for the appointment, training and dismissal of officials.
吏部——負責官員的任免、培訓 和解僱；The Ministry of Rites— responsible for the emperor’s religious obligations and ceremonial, schools, examinations, reception of foreign guests, and selection of officials.
禮部——負責皇帝的宗教事務和慶典、學務、科舉、外國賓客的來訪以及官員的選拔；The Ministry of Military Affairs— responsible for the military affairs, such as conscription, training army, declaring war, ordnance, and etc.
兵部——負責軍事，比如徵兵、練兵、宣戰、軍械等;The Ministry of Punishments— responsible for law enforcement and judicature.
刑部——負責法令的頒佈與司法；The Ministry of Finance— responsible for household registration and finance.
戶部——負責戶籍登記和財政事宜；The Ministry of Public Works— responsible for building new facilities and bringing wasteland under cultivation.
工部——負責建造新的設施和開墾荒地。Of these, the Ministry of Civil Affairs ranked highest.
在這些部門中，吏部是最重要的。The senior secretary of each ministry was called Shangshu and the assistant Shilang.
每部設尚書爲最高長官，侍郎爲輔助。
