中英雙語話歷史 第30期:漢朝(加強中央集權)
In 139 B. C. , Emperor Wu Di succeeded to the throne.
His long reign became known as the zenith or highlight of the Western Han period.
武帝時期是西漢發展的鼎盛時期。The economy flourished, and the state treasury was abundent.
期間經濟繁榮、府庫充實。
The casting of coins became a state Monopoly that was observed by special officials, and the currency was standardized to a nominal face value of five zhu . The most important tax reform was concerning the state monopoly on production, transport and merchandise of salt and iron that was centrally organized by the chamberlain for the national treasury. The transport system was standardized by special regulations, as well as the quality control of the goods. Therefore, the financial revenue increased greatly.
國家統一貨幣，鑄五銖錢,嚴禁私鑄錢;進行稅制改革，鹽、鐵的生產、運輸、銷售由大司農負責，實行國家專營;實行均輸法、平準法，朝廷財政收入大增。Politics ： In politics, Emperor Wudi took further steps to consolidate the centralization. Substantial changes also took place in the structure of the central government that resulted in a new kind of bureaucratic centralism within a state that was officially Confucianist but in fact Legist.
政治方面:武帝進一步採取措施加強中央集權，國家的政治制度發生了實質性變化，形成了新的外儒內法的中央集權的官僚體制。The emperor reformed the central government and built up his cabinet.
具體包括：“改革中樞體制，建立中朝”。The status of the Imperial Board of Secretaries was raised, for all the memorials to the throne would be submitted to the emperor by secretariats.
尚書檯的地位提升，大臣們的章奏要由尚書進呈皇帝。This reinforced the autocratic monarchy and stripped power of the prime minister. Meanwhile, the emperor strengthened his control over the local卜 ties.
這一舉措加強了王權，削弱了丞相的權力。He divided the whole country into 13 regions, and appointed an itinerant inspector to each of these divisions to keep a watchful eye on the local affairs.
加強對地方的控制，將全國分爲13個州部。每個州部設刺史一人，以監察地方。Adopting the proposal of Zhu Fuyan, the emperor decreed that when a prince died, his eldest son was to succeed him, and the territory of his principality was to be ed among all his sons. With the exception of the eldest son, each would be granted the status of a marquis, who was subjected to the prefecture.
武帝採納了主父偃的建議，規定諸侯王死後，除嫡長子繼承王位外，其他庶子由皇帝分割原王國的部分土地爲列侯,列侯歸郡統轄。Consequently, the power of the principalities was split apart without their fiefdoms being taken back by the imperial court, which reinforced the centralization.
這樣一來，朝廷雖未剝奪諸侯封地，卻成功地分化了諸侯國的權力，進一步加強了中央集權。Not long after Emperor Wudi * s ascension, Dong Zhongshu proposed the task of the 44 grand unificationof the empire in political philosophy.
漢武帝即位不久，董仲舒提出了“大-統”的政治哲學思想。Emperor Wudi accepted his suggestion, adopted Confucianism as official philosophy, and denied scholars of all other schools the opportunity to 6nter the civil service. From then on Confucianism became dominant in the middle and late period of the Han Dynasty.
漢武帝採納了這一建議，實行“罷黜百家，獨尊儒術”，從此儒家學說逐步成爲西漢中後期的統治思想。Additionally, the emperor encouraged the study of the five Confucian classics, namely the Book of Odes, Book of Historyy Book of Rites, Book of Changes 〇nd Spring and Autumn Annals. He even set up the imperial academy in Chang ? an to teach Confucian classics, cultivate qualified personnel dnd select government officials through regular written examinations.
漢武帝鼓勵學習《詩》、《書》、《易》、《禮》、《春秋》等儒家經典，在長安興辦太 學,傳授儒家思想，培養人材，並通過考試選拔官吏。Foreign Policies： On strengthening the autocratic monarchy, Emperor Wudi was also engaged in broadening the Han Dynasty * s relations with the ethnic minorities to an unprecedented extent.
外交政策:在鞏固王權地同時，漢武帝還致力發展與少數民族的聯繫。爲此，漢時的民族關係達到到前所未有的程度。Wars Against the Xiongnu：ln the earlier years of the Han Dynasty, Xiongnu nomads were very powerful. The Han rulers usually adopted a conciliatory attitude towards them. The chief policy to prevent its invasion was to arrange marriages between the royal family and the Xiongnu chieftains to maintain the peace.
抗擊匈奴:西漢前期,匈奴勢力強大，漢朝主要通過“和親”政策防範匈奴侵略，維繫和平。However, this had been unsuccessful, and Xiongnu harassed the borders constantly.
可是這一政策並不成功，匈奴-再入侵。When Emperor Wudi was in the throne, he tried a new tact.
漢武帝即位以後，開始發動對匈奴的戰爭。During ten years, namely from the year 128 B. C. to 119 B. C. , the emperor sent Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to launch three large-scale expeditions against Xiongnu. By these actions, he drove them into the far north of Gobi, Desert, thus maintdining the safety of the Hexi Corridor.
從元朔元年（公元前128年）到元狩四年（公元前119年）的10年中，先後三次派衛青、霍去病抗擊匈奴，迫使匈奴北徙漠北，確保了河西走廊的安全。Furthermore, new principalities were established there, and land reclamation was practiced, in which militiamen and their families were settled on military^agri-cultural colonies, where they worked and defended.
漢朝還在西北邊地設郡、屯田，修長城，築烽燧，建郵亭驛。The Great Wall was reconstructed ， which had already served as defensive line against the stepped nomads for a few centuries. Beacon towers and post stations were built, which played a new role in the defence system of the Great Wall.
烽燧和郵亭驛在長城防禦體系中發揮了新的重要作用。The constant wars between the Han and Xiongnu made both sides suffer great losses, having no spare capacity to continue the fight.
漢匈戰爭不斷，雙方均損失慘重，無力再戰。In 33 B. C. ， Khan Huhanye paid a visit to Chang’an. Emperor Yuan married Wang Zhaojun, a beauty at that time, to him.
公元前33年，呼韓邪單于到長安，漢元帝將宮人王昭君嫁與呼韓邪單于。This action not only improved the relationship between the Han Dynasty and Xiongnu, but also promoted economic and cultural exchanges between them.
昭君出塞改善了漢、匈之間關係，還促進了兩族人民間的經濟文化交流。From then on, the Han and Xiongnu got along well with each other, and wars didn, t break out for more than forty years.
漢、匈從此友好相處，在40多年間沒有發生戰爭。Zhang Qian on a Diplomatic Mission to the West Regions ： At the same time, in order to seek allies to fight against Xiongnu* s invasion, In 138 B. C. , Emperor Wudi sent Zhang Qian as envoy to Dayuezhi, which had originally lived in the area between Dunhuang and Qillan, and was driven to Guishui valley by Xiongnu during the period of Emperor Wendi.
張騫出使西域漢:武帝爲反擊匈奴,爭取聯合力量，於建元三年（公元前138 年），派張騫出使大月氏（zhT)。大月氏原居於今敦煌、祁連之間;文帝時期，爲匈奴所破，西徙嬀(g〇l圭)水（今阿姆河）流域。Unfortunately, Zhang Qian was captured on his way to Dayuezhi by Xiongnu. He was kept prisoner for more than ten years before managing to escape westward and finally made his way to the destination.
張騫在路上爲匈奴所虜，在匈奴十餘年，後乘機西逃，到大月氏。However, Dayuezhi was reluctant to attack Xiongnu, and in 126 B. C. , Zhang Qian returned to Chang*an.
大月氏不願共擊匈奴。公元前126年，張騫返回長安。In 119 B. C. , Zhang Qian was sent to the West Regions again, inviting Wusun, who were settled in the Yili valley to form a common front to cut the right flank of the Xiongnu.
公元前119年，漢武帝第二次派張騫出使西域，約居於伊犁河流域烏孫共擊匈奴，以折匈奴如右翼。The king of Wusun, who was old, dared not ally with the Han, for his territory was dose to Xiongnu and was subjected to its menace. Zhang Qian failed a second time, but his visits promoted understanding between the Western Han Dynasty and the regions north and south of the Tianshan Mountains, cemented its links with adjacent regions, and helped to spread the influence of the Han Empire.
烏孫王年老，又因箕國臨近匈奴，受匈奴的威脅嚴重,不敢與漢聯合，張騫出使未果。儘管如此，張騫出使西域促進了天山南北各少數民族與漢朝的交流，密切了漢與周邊地區的聯繫，使漢朝的影響更爲廣泛。More importantly, Zhang Qian1 s westward travels also opened the very important trade route to the Central Asia, which later called Road of Silk.
更爲重要的是，張騫出使西域，打通了漢朝通往中亞的貿易通道一絲綢之路。Many Han commodities like silk and ironware were brought to the west, while spice, grape, woolen carpets, sesame and peaches etc. were introduced to China.
當時運往西方的商品有蠶絲、鐵器等。西方經“絲綢之路”輸人中國的商品,有香料、葡萄、芝麻、胡 桃、毛毯等。With his northwest frontier secured, Emperor Wu then expanded the empire in a northeast direction.
在鞏固了西北邊境後，漢武帝開始向東北方向拓展疆域。With The capture of an area south of the Yangtze River, the territory of Han far exceed that of the previous dynasties.
攻佔長江以南後，漢的領土已大大超過了前朝。The Han Dynasty then began to expand its political and cultural influence over Vietnam, Central Asia, Mongolia, Korea and other counties.
同時漢朝的政治、文化還對越南、朝鮮、中亞、蒙古等國產生了重要影響。However, it was no easy task to hold or appease all these far territories, and rebellions and territorial losses occurred many times for the rest of the Han period.
但是對廣大邊疆地區的統治、平叛卻非易事。漢朝中後期，叛亂和疆土流失不斷。At the beginning of Emperor Wudi * s reign the state treasury was full, but when he died, luxury and war campaigns had exhausted.
漢武帝統治前期，國庫充盈。但由於揮霍無度加之連年爭戰，武帝死時，已是國庫空虛。
