中英雙語話歷史 第32期:漢朝(科學與文化)
Significant academic and cultural achievements were made in the Han Dynasty.
Confucianism set up its supreme status in the ideological field of the feudal society.
儒教在意識形態領域成爲封建正統。At that time, Yuefu Poems appeared ( Yuefu was an official department being responsible to collect and process folk songs).
樂府詩也是出現在這一時期，樂府是官方的負責收集和創作民歌的機構。
They were composed of sentences of varying lengths, common for folk songs of the Han time, and were intended to be set to music and song.
樂府詩的句子長短不一,這在漢時的民謠中較爲常見，配曲後可以演唱。Many oiyuefu poems are found in the collections u New songs from the Jade Terrace 11 , u Collection of Music Bureau Poetry and the small anthology u Nineteen Old Poems .
現在可以見於《玉臺新詠》、《樂府詩集》、《古詩十九首》中。A very common verse style from Han to Tang was the prose-poetry fu , mastered by Sima Xiangru , Yang Xiong and Ban Gu . Zi Xu Fu and Shang Lin Fu writ-" ten by Sima Xiangru were the masterpieces in the Western Han period.
漢、唐時賦是一種非常流行的韻文。司馬相如、揚雄、班固是傑出的代表人物，而司馬相如的《子虛賦》、《上林賦》堪稱西漢時期的傑作。Historiography achieved great complishment during the Han Dynasty, because a new style of writing history was invented by Sima Qian, who composed the “ Records of the Historian ”.
漢時是歷史編撰發展的關鍵時期。司馬遷編寫《史記》，一種新的歷史編撰方式隨之出現。The traditional way of recording history was in chronical order, which is found in the Classical Annals of Lu , and the Bamboo Annals or the free anecdotical style that is found in the u Stratagems of the Warring States.
中國傳統的歷史編撰多采用編年體，如《春秋左傳》、《竹書紀年》，或是傳奇形式，如《戰國策》。However, Records of the Historian is totally different, and it is a thirteen-volumeyuan general history of China covering the period from the mythical Five Emperors down to Han Wudi.
《史記》是一部紀傳體通史，全書共13卷，記錄了從五帝至漢武帝之間的歷史。It is unique in its accounts on different historical stages and their characteristics, its portrayal and appraisal of historical figures and its description of social conditions.
該書在講述各歷史階段及其特徵，描繪、評價歷史人物，描寫社會狀況方面別具一格。This type of biographical and thematic history writing had been used as the standard type of official historiography till the end of the Chinese empire.
直到中國封建帝國末年，這種以紀傳體編撰歷史的方法一直爲官方所使用。In the regime of Chengdi, Liu Xiang was ordered to collate important books in the imperial library, such as the Confician classics, works of the different schools of thought written in the pre-Qin period, such as collections of poems, prose-poems, military and medical writings.
成帝時，劉向受命編輯整理書庫中的儒家經典、先秦的諸子百家著作:詩、賦 集、軍事和醫學著作。He submitted memorials to the Emperor, which contained the essense and outline of every book. He also collected himself old texts, stories and statements and put them together to his books M New Storiesry, Garden of Explanations, and The Lieniizhuan , He was responsible for the redaction of unofficial histories of the Eastern Zhou period , the Guoyu or u Accounts of the Feudal Statesand he Zhanguoce (the Strategies of the Warning States).
他將每本書內容和提綱都寫在奏章上呈給皇上，還收集很多古文獻，傳奇故事，將其編入《新序》、《說苑》、《烈女傳》並負責編寫了《戰國策》、《國語》。During the reign of Emperor Aidi，his son Liu Xin took over his job.
劉歆是劉向的兒子。哀帝時，他接替了父親的工作。Heclassh fied all the books under seven headings and briefly described the contents of each， and the summaries were later incorporated into the Seven Categories of Writing , which was the first bibliography in Chinese history.
他將所有的書按其內容分爲七類，附以簡介，著成《七略》。這是中國歷史上第一部圖書目錄。Yang Xiong was a famous writer, philosopher and linguistist.
楊雄，西漢文學家、哲學家、語言學家。In his early years, he wrote two famous prose-poem Chang Yang Fu and Gan Quart Fu ,imitating the style of Sima Xiangru.
早年仿司馬相如作《長楊賦》、《甘泉賦》。Later, he changed his stand, claiming that all sayings should be in accord with the Confucian Classics, and devoted himself to the study of philosophy.
後期主張一切言行都應以“五經”爲準則，轉而研究經學。Then wrote Tai Xuan, a book modeled after The Book of Changes , and Fa Yan modeled after The Analects .A new calendar Taichu Calender practiced from the year 104 B. C. to 85 A. D. , which had far-reaching influence in the history of Chinese calendric science.
仿《易經》作《太玄》，仿《論語》作《法言》。《太初曆》是漢武帝太初元年（公元前104年）至東漢章帝元和二年（公元85年）實施的歷法，對我國曆法學的發展產生了深遠影響。It contained 24 solar terms and reasonable arrangements of the intercalary month. The first lunar month became the beginning of the year.
該曆法包含有24節氣，對閏月進行了合理的安排，並以正月爲歲首。The Yellow Emperor ^ s Classics of Internal Medicine , written in a question-and-answer form around the early Western Han period, explains the physiological signs and pathological changes of the human body, gives the earliest elucidation of its blood circulation and points out the importance of pulse feeling in diagnosis.
《黃帝內經》是著於西漢早期的一部醫學經典。以問答形式解釋了人體的生理和病理變化，並最先就血液循環進行了闡釋，指出了把脈在診療中的重要性。Apart from suggesting the methods of treatment for 311 ailments and illnesses of 44 categories, it emphasizes disease prevention and getting at the root of a disease to seek a permanent cure.
在爲311種、44類疾病提供了治療方法的同時,強調疾病預防，以徹底根除隱患。
