中英雙語話歷史 第35期:漢朝(宦官與朋黨)
The Eastern Han Dynasty entered its middle period when the 10-year-old Emperor. He came to the throne in 88 AD, his Mother, Empress Dowager Dou led the court audiences.
By then, Xiongnu had split into the northern and the southern parts again.
這時，匈奴再次分裂爲南、北兩部分。By 91, the northern group had been wiped out in the allied expeditions of Han and the Southern Xiongnu.
公元91年,漢和南匈奴聯手鏟除北匈奴。
The triumph over the Northern Xiongnu enabled Dou Xian, the commander-in-chief and the brother of the Empress Dou to take over the administrative affairs.
這一勝利，使大將軍竇憲（竇太后的兄弟)得以掌權。This threw the imperial court into prolonged turmoil.
漢朝廷從此被卷人混亂的漩渦。In 92, Emperor He allied with his eunuch, Zheng Zhong, finally destroyed the power of the Dou clan and grasped the power himself. Zheng Zhong was granted the title of Marquise for it.
和帝於公元92年與宦官鄭衆等人合力誅滅竇氏，掌握實權，鄭衆因功封侯。From then on, eunuchs were involved in the reign progressively.
自此，宦官越來越多地參與到東漢的政治統治之中。Most successors to of the throne after Emperor He were children.
和帝以後繼位的皇帝也多是小兒。Therefore, reigns of government had to be held by empress regents, in fact who usually relied on their clansmen. Naturally, the power were lost, and the consort clans manipulated the imperial court.
太后臨朝聽政,實是依靠孃家的父兄掌權，因此往往是大權旁落，外戚勢力集團左右朝政。When a young emperor grew up, he tried to break away from the control of the empress * s family, seeking the support of eunuchs close to him. Consequently, eunuchs replaced consort clans to seize the power.
小皇帝年長之後，爲擺脫外戚的控制，就向身邊的宦官尋求幫助，繼而宦官又掌大權。Such pattern repeated constantly, and the reign of Emperors An, Shun and Huan had no exception, either.
外戚與宦官的鬥爭循環往復，在安、順、桓帝時也都發生過。The year 146, when Emperor Huan came to the throne, it was a turning point at which palace eunuchs began to rise to supremacy, causing even greater upheavals in the court. The Eastern Han Dynasty entered its last stage when consort clans and eunuchs had the imperial power in hands.
公元146年，桓帝在位時，這一斗爭出現了轉折點。宦官的權利達到無以復加的地步，在朝廷中掀起更大的波瀾，形成東漢王朝後期的宦官與外戚專權的格局。Liang Ji, the brother of the Empress Liang, was the general during the reign of Emperor Shun.
順帝時，樑冀（樑皇后的兄弟）爲大將軍。After the death of Emperor Shun in 144, Empress Dowager Liang and Liang Ji became the prominent power holders of the Eastern Han court.
公元144年，順帝死後，朝廷的大權便落人樑太后和樑冀的手中。Initially, Liang Ji installed a two-year-old boy on the throne, known as Emperor Chong.
樑冀先立2歲的小兒爲帝，是爲衝帝。The young emperor died in the following year. Then he had another boy the emperor, who was the eight-year-old Emperor Zhi.
次年衝帝死, 他又立8歲的小兒爲帝，即質帝。Young as an emperor, he knew that Liang Ji was imperious and despotic.
質帝雖小，但卻知道樑冀專權驕橫。Once in the court, the young emperorsaid to Liang, “You are a domineering general. ”
上朝時，他說樑冀此跋扈將軍也。In resentment, Liang Ji poisoned Emperor Zhi，and put fifteen-year-old Liu Zhi on the throne, that was Emperor Huan.
樑冀很忿恨，就把質帝毒死，另立宗室15歲的劉志爲帝, 是爲桓帝。Therefore, Liang Ji controlled the imperial court for nearly twenty years and his influence was tremendous.
樑冀專權近20年，勢力龐大。When Empress Dowager Liang died in 159, it gave way to Shan Chao, a eunuch who could defeat the Liang clan. Conspired with Emperor Huan, Shan Chao had the army besiege Liang’s mansion, then Liang Ji committed suicide, while all his family members were executed.
公元159年(延熹二年），樑皇后死,桓帝與中常侍單超等人合謀，以1000餘人包圍樑冀的府第，樑冀自殺，梁氏的族人皆被誅。Title of nobility was bestowed to Shan Chao.
單超因功封侯。In fact, it was the fourth time that eunuchs dealt heavy blows on consort clans in the history of the Eastern Han.
這是宦官對外戚的第四次打擊。It benefited the politics and society to annihilate Liang Li and his partisans, but from than on, the regime of the Eastern Han was monopolized by eunuchs.
誅除樑冀及其黨羽，對當時的政治、社會都有好處;但從此以後，東漢政權爲宦官壟斷。When the imperial power came into the governance of eunuchs, the politics tended to be gloomy. At this point, some righteous state officials with their followers united to fight against the clique of eunuchs in various means.
宦官壟斷政權以後，政治日益黑暗,一些比較正直的高級官吏及其門生、故吏, 採取各種形式，對宦官集團展開了鬥爭。Then the Movement of Pure Comments and Partisan Prohibition took place successively.
於是相繼發生了 “清議”運動和“黨錮”事件。The Movement of Pure Comments: Eunuchs ’ monopoly on the regime not only worsened the politics, but interdicted scholars’ official career, depriving their further development.
清議:宦官專政不僅使政治黑暗，而且也阻斷了仕途，嚴重地侵奪了士人的上進之路。At that time, the number of students in the state academy had reached up to over 30 000. Along with many Confucian scholars in the prefectures and counties, they allied with scholar-bureaucrats, forming a huge political force in the court and the commonalty to criticize the eunuchs * interference in the regime.
這一時期，太學生已發展到30000餘人，各郡縣的儒生也很多，就與官僚士大夫結合,在朝野形成一個龐大的官僚士大夫反宦官專權的社會政治力量，批評宦官專權亂政。This is the so called Pure Comments.
這就是所謂的“清議”。Partisan Prohibition： Confucian officials and students of the state academy not only availed public opinion to attack eunuchs, but began a conscious effort to form a coalition to drive out the political influence of the eunuchs.
黨錮:官僚士大夫和太學生們不僅在輿論上抨擊宦官，還試圖在政治上打擊宦官勢力。Therefore, the conflicts between the two sides intensified gradually.
這樣，官僚士大夫和太學生與宦官集團之間的鬥爭愈演愈烈。The matter came to a climax in 166 over a murder case.
公元166年的一樁命案則使其鬥爭達到高潮。Zhang Cheng, a fortuneteller in Luoyang, instructed his son to commit a murder.
術士張成教唆其子殺人，爲司隸校尉李膺逮捕。Li Ying, one of the famous Confucian scholars in government who was serving as the governor in the capital province, arrested the Zhangs, but indeed at this time a general pardon was issued.
適逢國家有赦令，可是李膺因張成與宦官關係密切，就把他們處死。Li disregarded it and executed the Zhangs anyway due to the Zhang's close relation with eunuchs.
不料想張成的弟子，誣告李膺與太學生、諸郡儒生及遊學士人“共爲部黨，誹訕 朝廷”。However, Li did not anticipate that ZhangJ s disciple would then accuse him of forming clique with students of the academy and scholars in various prefectures to defame the imperial court and the rorHuan became extremely enraged, and arrested Li as well as some 200 students.
桓帝大怒，逮捕了李膺等200餘人。This arrest order that coined the term “the partisans”.
“黨錮”一詞由此而出。Later, officials Huo Xu and Dou Wu submitted humble petitions again and again, requesting leniency for the partisans. Under their urging, Li Ying and the university students were released and exiled back to their hometowns. Their civil liberties were stripped for life.
後經尚書霍 婿、城門校尉竇武等一再向桓帝說情，才得赦免迴歸田裏，但卻禁錮終身。This was the first partisan prohibition.
這是第一次“黨錮”。After this event, the opposition and struggle between Confucian official and students and eunuchs became acute farther
自這次事件之後，官僚士大夫和太學生與宦官集團的對立和鬥爭進一步激化。After the death of Emperor Huan in the next year, Emperor Ling succeeded to the throne.
第二年，桓帝死,靈帝立。General Dou Wu, the father of Empress Dowager Dou and taifu Chen Fan acted as regents.
太后之父竇武以大將軍的身份與太傅陳蕃輔政。They restored the rights of the partisans, like Li Ying and other famous scholars, and in fact made many of them imperial officials.
他們起用了李膺和其他一些被禁錮的名士。Later in 168, concerned that the eunuchs were exerting too much influence over the young emperor and the empress dowager, Dou Wu and Chen entered into a plan to exterminate the leading eunuchs.
由於幼帝和太后爲太監所左右，公元 168年，他們又共謀誅除宦官集團。When word got out, headed with Chao Jie, the eunuchs instead mobilized the imperial guards and had Dou Wu arrested, who committed suicide later.
可是，由於事泄，以曹節爲首的宦官發兵逮捕竇武，竇武自殺，竇氏宗族慘遭滅門。The dan of Dou was executed. The eunuchs immediately removed the partisans from government and again suspended their civil liberties.
曹節等宦官迅速清除其同黨,再次實行免官禁錮。The eunuchs were not content with just removing the partisans from government. In 169, they persuaded the 13-year-old Emperor Ling that the partisans were intent to rebel.
但是宦官並不滿足於此，公元169年，他們對13歲的靈帝說朋黨欲造反。The leading partisans, including Li Ying, Du Mi, and Fan Pang were arrested and executed. Overall, about 100 people lost their lives.
後以李膺、杜密、範滂爲首的朋黨皆被殺，前後又100多人喪命。This was the second Partisan Partisan Prohibition was not lifted until 184, when the Yellow Turban uprising took place.
這是第二次黨錮這次黨錮直到中平元年（184年）黃巾大起義時才被解除。It was Lu Qiang, also a eunuch, who made the proposal.
建議解除禁錮的也是一個宦官,即中常侍呂強。Fearing that the prohibited partisans felt discontented and would plot with Zhang Jiao, then Lu made the suggestion.
他怕受禁錮的人心懷不滿，與張角等“合謀”，因之提出這一建議。Emperor Ling accepted it, decreeing that the partisans be free from the prohibition.
靈帝接受了這個建議,下詔解除了“黨錮”。Then the internal struggle of the ruling clique, which lasted more than several decades, was suspended temporarily in the confrontation of peasant rebellions.
統治階級內部的這場長達數十年的鬥爭，在農民起義面前，暫告中止。
