中英雙語話歷史 第74期:宋及並存的遼,金和西夏(南宋)
The Southern Song was a Han regime founded by Zhao Gou (known as Emperor Gaozong )，with its capital in Lin’an (present-day Hangzhou， Zhejiang).
The Southern Song was in a consistent menace of the Jin in the north and tried in vain in recovering its ruling of the northern part of China until it was destroyed by the Yuan Dynasty.
南宋王朝自建立以來，一直在金國的威脅之下，直至被元消滅時，也未能恢復宋朝在中國北方的統治。The Southern Song had nine emperors who ruled for 153 years.
南宋共歷九帝，前後153年。
Its territorial boundaries in the north extended from the Huaishui, through Tang(present-day Tanghe in Henan), Deng (east of present-day Deng County in Henan) to Dasanguan (southwest of Baoji, Shaanxi) in the Qinling Mountain, bordering the Jin and in the southeast and southwest line, it remained the same as those of the Northern Song.
其疆域北以淮水，經唐（今河南唐河）、鄧（今河南鄧縣東）二州至秦嶺大散關(今陝西寶雞西南）一線與金爲界，東南、西南同北宋時期。The 1st year of Jingkang( 1126) saw the conquest of Kaifeng, the Northern Song capital, by the Jin army.
北宋靖康元年（1126),金軍攻佔北宋都城開封。次年二月，廢宋徽、欽二帝，北宋滅亡。In 1127, Emperors Huizong and Qinzong were deposed, ending up the Northern Song. In the same year, Zhao Gou, the Prince of Kang and former marshal in Hebei, ascended the throne in Nanjing (south of present-day Shangqiu in Henan) after the withdrawal of the Jin troops. Zhao Gou still called his regime the “Great Song”，which became known as the Southern Song， and chose the title of his reign Jianyan.
同年,原任河北兵馬大元帥的趙宋皇族康王趙構，在金軍退走之後，於南京（今河南商丘南）即位，仍沿用大宋國號，史稱南宋，年號建炎，是爲宋高宗。Instead of appointing competent people, carrying out reforms and devising effective defensive strategies. Emperor Gaozong did the opposite by blocking his talented Chief Minister Li Gang and changed the dominant military strategy from one of active resistance to passive defense.
南宋新立,當務之急是選賢任能，革新軍政，制定積極進取的戰略計劃。然而，宋高宗昏聵無能，任用佞人，排斥賢相李綱，改積極抗戰方針爲消極防禦。Consequently, Li Gang^ policies to develop the state could not be implemented, Zong Ze’s efforts to establish Kaifeng as a fighting base for the Jin troops were wasted and the anti-Jin activities in the Central Plains were discouraged.
結果導致李綱建國十策難以完全落實，宗澤經營的開封基地前功盡棄，中原抗金義軍的活動遭受打擊。The Song fled to Lin，an，abandoning the Huai River valley and the Yangtze River.
隨後，宋庭採用棄淮守江的戰略，放棄兩淮，南逃臨安。However, the Lin’an garrison mutinied and the Jin troops took advantage of the situation to march south. Emperor Gaozong fled to the East China Sea. The Southern Song was in dire straits.
結果造成臨安衛軍政變，金軍亦乘機南下，宋高宗航海走避，南宋險些亡國。As the Jin troops had failed to capture the Song emperor despite their hot pursuit, they started withdrawing to the north. But at Huangtiandang (s< present-day Nanjing) the withdrawing Jin troops were held up and almost crushed by the Southern Song army led by General Han Shizhong.
金軍窮追宋高宗不獲，由江南北撤，被南宋韓世忠部攔截在黃天蕩，北撤金軍險遭滅頂之災。After that, the Jin forces dared not cross the Yangtze River and the Southern Song could stand on its own feet.
此後，金軍不敢輕易渡江，南宋朝庭得以立足江南。Then the Southern Song took some strategic defence measures which were quite successful.
南宋在江南的統治穩固之後，實施了幾項相對成功的戰略舉措。First of all, it strengthened its defensive forces in Sichuan and Shaanxi. Secondly, a complete system of defensive works was built to link the Yangtze River and the eastern bank of the Huai River midstream. Thirdly, it pursued a strategy of attacking the Central Plains with Jingxiang as its base to link up with He-shuo.
一是加強川陝防禦,阻擋金軍入川之舉;二是建立以長江中游地區爲重點、連結淮東的江淮防禦體系，以阻止金軍進攻;三是實施以荊襄爲基地，聯絡河朔，乘隙而進，直搗中原的戰略方針。It also attached great importance to developing military hardware, reforming the military system and increasing the army，s manpower. As a result，the situation became more favourable.
同時，南宋還重視發展軍事技術，改革軍事制度，加強軍隊建設，從而使國防力量有所增強，從屢戰屢敗到勝多敗少，戰略形勢逐漸向有利於南宋方面轉化,曾一度出現北進的較好形勢。However, the Southern Song pursued a policy of suing for peace and had no plan to recover the Central Plains. Moreover, its policy of appointing civil officials to control and restrain military officers greatly discouraged its generals and hindered the development of military strength.
但南宋以妥協求和，偏安自保爲基本方針，貫徹以文制武的軍事指揮原則，極大地抑制了領兵將帥才能的發揮，妨礙了軍事的發展。The measures taken in the 11th year of Shaoxing( 1114) that depriving three great generals of their commanding power, killing the outstanding anti-Jin general Yue Fei, reduceing the number of the soldiers led to its self-destruction.
尤其在紹興十一年均爲（1114)採取的解除三大將領兵權、殺害抗金名將岳飛、縮編軍隊等錯誤措施，無疑是自毀長城。Consequently, the Southern Song went into r the emergence of the Mongols, the three powers in the north—the Mongols, the Western Xia and the Jin—constantly fought against each other. This should have been the best opportunity for the Southern Song to expand.
結果，南宋在偏安中逐步走向衰弱。蒙古興起之後，蒙古、西夏、金三國在北方激戰，此時是南宋向外發展的最佳時機。But, its rulers, having adopted a self-defence strategy, took no action at all.
但是，南宋統治者在消極防禦的戰略方針指導下，對北方三國撕殺作壁上觀, 沒有任何積極的行動。It was not until the Xi Xia vanished and the Jin, having lost most of its northern territories, turned to attack the Southern Song that it was forced to fight.
待西夏滅亡，金北方盡失，戰略轉移，南攻宋地，南宋才被迫應戰。Although the Southern Song troops held the southward marching Jin army at bay, they also suffered heavy losses. When the Mongolian forces entered at the northern bank of the Yellow River, the Southern Song no longer had any strength left to march north.
南宋雖能阻止金軍南下，但兵力受損，蒙古勢力也進入黃河以北，南宋再無力北攻。Worse still, when the Jin was doomed, the Southern Song even made a decision to join with the Mongols to resist the Jin，not knowing that it would soon follow the Jin’s fate.
金垂亡之際，南宋尚不知脣亡齒寒，大禍將至，竟作出聯蒙滅金的決策，結果寸土未得，實力暴露，最終走向滅亡。In the 2nd year of Deyou (1276)，the army of Yuan invaded Ling’an，the Empress Dowager Xie and the Emperor Gong surrendered.
南宋德祐二年（1276)，元軍攻克臨安，宋廷謝太后及恭帝投降。Some anti-Yuan ministers such as Wen Tianxiang, Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie etc. moved to the south in Fujian and Guangzhou and tried to revive the Southern Song by establishing a mini-Song the first year of Xiangxing( 1278), Wen Tianxiang was captured by the Yuan army at Wulingpo( now north of Haifeng, Guang Dong) and was enjailed to Dadu, the capital of the Yuan.
部分抗戰派大臣南下福建、廣東建立南宋行朝，文天祥、陸秀夫、張世傑等共撐危局，南宋祥興元年（1278)十二月，文天祥在五坡嶺（今廣東海豐北）兵敗被俘，元朝統治者將他囚禁在大都。Wen was no single idea of giving in facing the alternate coercion and intimidate of the Yuan. At last he died a martyr at the capital of Yuan.
面對元朝的種種威逼利誘，文天祥始終堅貞不屈，於至元十九年（1282) 十二月就義於元大都。In the 2nd year of Xiangxing( 1279)，The fleet of the，Yuan led by Zhang Hongfan assaulted Yashan, the last decisive battle with the remaining Southern Song.
祥興二年（1279)正月，元將張弘範率水軍攻打崖山,與行朝進行最後決戰。In February, the Southern Song’s troop was defeated and Lu Xiufu jumped into the sea, carrying the last emperor Zhaorui on his back. Soon Zhang Shijie pursued the same end.
二月，宋軍大敗，陸秀夫身背末帝趙肩跳海而亡，之後張世傑墮海殉國。The Southern Song was ruined.
南宋至此滅亡。The political system in the Southern Song generally followed its Northern Song counterparts. But the administrative organizations were streamlined and re-struc-tured to accommodate the new practice of autocratic centralization of power.
南宋的政治制度基本上是沿襲北宋，但行政機構比北宋精簡集中，適應於新形勢下的專制主義中央集權。The three secretariats and six boards of the former Northern Song Dynasty were merged in order to reduce the number of official posts and administrative organizations.
首先對中央最高行政機構三省六部進行了調整，除戶部以事務繁多未減少外，其他五部通過兼領、合併而大量省並。But changes were not so drastic with respect to local governments. Reforms were also introduced into the military y in the Southern Song, the former Northern Song，s Military Council was replaced with various bodies.
地方府、州、軍、監 級和縣級機構，基本沿襲北宋制度。But at the end of the Jianyan reign (1131), the Military Council was restored to its position as the highest military body.
建炎末（1131),恢復北宋樞密院管軍舊制，樞密院又成爲最高軍事機構。At the same time, more military and paramilitary organizations were set up in regional areas to maintain order and to resist the Jin forces.
南宋建立後，爲了加強對地方的統治，先後設置一些軍事統御機構，對維護地方治安和抗擊金軍起到一定的作用。After the Southern Song became more politically stable, the social economy began to develop.
南宋在政局穩定之後，社會經濟在某些方面比北宋發達。Two-fifths smaller than its predecessor, the Southern Song^ advanced agricultural techniques saw it reap rich harvests.
儘管南宋國土比北宋減少2/5，但農業生產發達地區都在南宋境內。Hence the gross productive capacity was at the same level as that of the Northern Song.
因此，南宋農業生產的總體水平並不亞於北宋。To meet its militar-y needs, the Southern Song paid great attention to weapon manufacturing, mining, metallurgy, and shipbuilding. As a result, the Southern Song surpassed the Northern Song in technique and scale of these industries.
而軍器製造、採礦冶煉、造船等手工業生產的技術、規模等方面都超過北宋。The Xiangyang, Hanzhong, Zhejiang and the area to the east part of the Yangtze River were the bases for food supply.
南宋立國後，襄陽、漢中、兩浙和江東地區漸成爲糧食生產基地,農作物的栽培技術比以前也有進步。Meanwhile, more advanced agricultural implements were put to use and the irrigating systems were greatly improved.
在農業工具方面出現了人工踏犁、竹龍等先進工具,水利灌溉系統也更爲發達。In handicraft industry, sericiculture, baldachin, silk and textile were also bettered.
手工業方面，養蠶織錦、絲織業、棉織業有較大發展。Techniques of publishing and painting were highly advanced and widely used which rendered mass production of books. The development of paper-making skills resulted in disparate papers which enhanced the culture development of the Southern Song.
雕板印刷與活字印刷業非常發達，印製了大量書籍，造紙業也隨之發達，可以造出各種用 途的紙張，促進了南宋時期文化事業的發展。Pottery industry grew quite rapidly, the famous blue and white porcelain wascreated. The most common porcelain was the type known as Celadon near the end of the Song Dynasty, and celadon, bearing with the subtle lines, was made in Longquan County of Zhejiang. The exporting of the pottery wares was increased in the Southern Song Dynasty.
瓷器製造業也頗發達,著名的帶有碎紋（稱“百圾碎”）的青瓷——就是南宋浙江龍泉縣燒造的，運銷海外的瓷器比過去也增加了。Shipbuilding industry reached its height.
南宋造船業十分發達。The trades and business in city were flourishing and the bazaar of vary kinds could be found anywhere in the city with various goods on display.
城市工商業繁榮，各種市場遍佈城中，出售的商品門類繁多。The paper money—kuaizi was first used in trade.
首創在商業中使用紙幣會子。Under the encouragement of the government, trades overseas was expanded to the Southeast Asia, Dashi (now Arab), Korea and even countries in the Eastern of Africa.
政府鼓勵海外貿易，當時與東南亞、大食(今阿拉伯）、朝鮮、乃至東非諸國都有貿易往來。One noticeable cultural development during the Southern Song was the flourishing of moral science, especially the Neo-Confucianism which came to be the official ideology of the day.
南宋的文化事業非常發達，出現了理學家朱熹、陸九淵，文學家辛棄疾、陸游等人。其中影響最大的是理學逐步取得了官學地位。南宋時期，思想道德教育有了很大的發展，新儒家學派成爲統治階級倡導的思想信條。Zhu Xi was one of the people who helped develop Neo-Confucianism. While not the only person to write about Confucianism, he was the one who combined others works with his and best organized these beliefs. He selected ,from the ancient writings on Confucianism, the Four Books and also synthesized the writings of previous philosophers who had been active earlier during the Northern Song era.
朱熹是新儒家思想的代表人，與其他的人不同，他將自己的觀點與別人的觀點結合起來，追古溯源，將古書《四書》有關孔子的學說與宋時活躍的哲學思想結合起來。Zhu Xi believed that “reason” in things existed before things themselves and all the changes in things were governed by it.
朱熹認爲，萬事萬物中的“理”是先於事物本身而存在的，萬事萬物的變化皆受制於“理”。As far as men were concerned, “reason” was nothing but men’s nature which was inherently good; all the feudal moral standards originated in it. Blinded by the desire for material gains, man could become evil and commit violations of the feudal moral standards.
就人類來說,“理”就是人類的本質，而人類的本質本來就是善良的，國家的一切道德標準皆來自“理”，盲目的物質追求會使人的本質變壞，進而違反社會的道德標準。The purpose of these remarks, as far as Zhu Xi was concerned, was the justification of the feudal moral standards and the necessity for people to observe them.
朱熹的目的在於說明封建倫理道德的合理性,從而促進人們自覺地去遵守。An important part of Neo-Confucianism is the attempt to “repossess the Way. ” Pursuiting of the Way through disciplined self-cultivation formed a person’s character.
新儒家思想試圖重新回到“道”上，強調修身齊家以治國和安定天下。This was important because it encouraged the nobles to live up to the Confucian ideals by being less selfish.
這在當時是很重要的，因爲它 要求人們遵循儒家思想不要只重一己之私利。While poetry and painting gained importance, some poets began using the vernacular styles in their the past it had been very unusual to use phrases from everyday life.
南宋時期詩歌和繪畫也有了重大的發展，詩人在寫作中運用多種表現手法，與以前不同的是他們從日常生活中吸取了大量的詞語。The well-known form of poem was ci.
這一時期，最有名的是詞的發展。Both Lu You and Xin Qiji were famous ci poets and both had participated in the anti-Jin struggle. Their works, therefore, reflected their concern for their country and their lofty sentiments and emotions.
陸游和辛棄疾都是著名的詞人，他們參加過南宋抗金的鬥爭,因此作品中多半表現出爲國家命運擔憂的主題。Li Qingzhao was a poetess who enjoyed a special position in Chinese literature.
李清照是南宋著名的女詞人。General Yue Fei, known for his military exploits, wrote impressive ci.
抗金將領岳飛也擅長作詞。In its simple form, drama or zaju made its appearance during the Northern Song Dynasty. Humorous and satirical, it consisted of recitations and dialogues； later, it was accompanied by songs and dances.
雜劇這種藝術形式出現在北宋，它形式簡單、幽默而具有諷刺意味，包括敘述和對話兩種形式，後來又加人了說唱和舞蹈形式。The zaju of the Jin was not much different from that of the Southern Song. During the Southern Song Dynasty a most popular kind of2咖 was the “Wenzhou drama”or “southern drama” developed in Wenzhou and other coastal regions of Zhejiang Province.
金時的雜劇和南宋時相似，南宋時最流行的雜劇形式是“溫州劇”，也叫南劇，起源於浙江溫州的其它沿海地區。Through the medium of songs, recitations, and dances, it told complicated stories with a variety of characters.
通過說唱、敘事和舞蹈表達具有許多人物的複雜故事。In the Jin as well as in the Song, there were also dramatic ballads known as zhugongdiao orgongdiao . By songs and recitations, they told long stories.
在金、宋時期，還有敘事民謠叫做諸宮調或宮調，通過說唱可以講述很長的故事。In terms of vocal style, zhugongdiao absorbed the characteristics of major melodies, ci , and folk ballads of the Tang and Song dynasties.
從旋律上講，諸宮調吸收了宋詞和唐宋時期民謠的主要特點。Both zaju and zhugongdiao had contributed to the development of the Yuan drama.
諸宮調和雜劇對元朝時戲曲的發展做出了很大貢獻。Hua ben or vernacular tales consisted of two kinds ： the long ones and the short ones.
話本也叫地方故事，有兩種形式:長劇和短劇。The short ones, known as xiao shuo , or short stories, dealt with such topics as loves, ghosts and spirits and heroic adventures.
短劇主要表現有關愛情、鬼神和驚險故事。The long ones, known as jiangshi or historical episodes, related historical events that occurred in a certain period. They described wars and the rise and fall of dynasties and portrayed heroes and their military exploits.
長劇也叫講史，主要是敘述一定時期的歷史，它講述戰爭、王朝的興衰和軍事征服。Revealing the seamy side of society, they were literature of realism.
它反映社會醜陋的一面，是文學中的現實主義。By the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, vernacular tales had made considerable progress. They advanced further during the Southern Song Dynasty and served as the forerunner of the novels of the Yuan and Ming dynasties.
北宋末年，地方劇發展很快,在南宋時期又取得了進一步的發展，是後來元、明小說的前身。Painting reached new heights during this time. There were two main schools of painters. The first created decorative, yet realistic, paintings that show a great attention to details. The second tried to paint inner realities, as they viewed painting to be an intimate personal expression.
南宋時的繪畫也有了一定的發展，主要有兩種繪畫風格，一種是表現外在的現實，另一種 是內心的現實,後者認爲繪畫就是表現親近的內在感受。While being one of the most technologically and culturally advanced people in the world at the time, the Song were not militarily powerful.
儘管宋朝的科技和文化在當時都是領先的，但宋朝的軍事卻不強大。Part of the reason for this may be that Confucianism held military in very low regard. Confucianism did not recognize the military as being part of the four official classes of occupations.
有可能是因爲對儒家思想的信奉降低了軍事的地位，儒家思想講究仁政，並不把軍事職位 列人統治者管理的職能類別。Therefore, the military positions consisted of the poor, uneducated peasants, mercenaries or allies. Diplomacy was the favored form of dealing with enemies. This pracice was prolonged the period of paying tribute to enemies. In addition being not meant to be militarily strong enough to defeat them, the Southern Song was left susceptible to be attacked from others.
所以軍事職位主要是由窮人、文化程度較低的農民和唯利是圖的人擔當，因而外交就成爲對付敵人的主要手段,這就使宋代的歷史有 很長的一段都是進貢，而不是將敵人徹底打敗,這也使宋朝極易受到外敵的入侵。This weakness allowed for two non-Chinese kingdoms to exist to the north of the Song and finally the Southern Song was defea-ted by the later grown minority tribe, the Mongolian in the Yuan Dynasty lished by Kublai Khan.
這種軟弱使兩個非漢族建立的王國得以在其北面存在，而宋本身也被日後成長起來的少數民族部落——蒙古人忽必烈汗建立的元朝所滅。
