中英雙語話歷史 第18期:東周(重大歷史事件)

Meetings to Put Down the war ：In the middle of the Spring and Autumn, the contention between Jin and Chu intensified, endless wars brought nothing but disasters to the people, and small states also got tired of tionally, Jin and Chu matched each other in strength, so it was impossible for them to wipe out the opponent.

弭兵之會:春秋中期，晉、楚爭霸激烈。連續不斷的戰爭給人民帶來巨大的災難，也引起中小國家的厭倦，加以晉楚兩大國勢均力敵，誰都無法吃掉對方。

Therefore, in 579 B. C. and again in 546 B. C. , the state of Song, which had suffered enormously from the warfare among the big states, called a peace conference to stop wars. It succeeded in attaining its goal that the two big states Jin and Chu shared the hegemony equally.

於是飽受大國戰爭之苦的宋,於周簡王七年(.公元前579年）和周靈王二十六年（公元 前546年），發起舉行了兩次弭兵會盟，晉楚兩國平分了霸權。

Since then, wars decreased greatly, which was good to help all states to restore and develop economy, and stabilize the people's life.

從此，戰爭大大減少。這種形勢對恢復、發展各國的社會經濟，安定人民的生活，都有很大的好處。

The collapse of the well fields system and the emergence of the private ownership of lands brought out great changes in politics.

井田制的瓦解和土地私有制的產生引起政治上的巨大變化。

Many lords were trapped in warfare, which led to financial difficulties and a declining authority, while nobles took the possession of vast lands, mastering mighty political and military power, a result, contradictions continued to sharpen between the sovereign and the nobles ,even among the nobles themselves.

許多諸侯長期陷於爭戰之中，經濟困難,政治權力日弱，而卿大夫卻擁有大量的土地,掌握了強大的政治、軍事權力。爲此諸侯王與卿大夫等貴族勢力之間的矛盾，以及貴族之間的矛盾不斷激化。

The most representative events were the division of Jin by three clans—Han, Zhao and Wei and the expedition against Qi from the Tians.

其中最有代表性的事件是“韓、趙、魏三家分晉”和“田氏代齊”。

The Division of Jin by Three Families： In the middle of the Spring and Autumn ,the regime of the state Jin had been controlled by six ministers gradually.

三家分晉:在春秋中期，晉的政權已逐漸爲六卿所控制。

The so-called six ministers refer to the six noble families, Zhao, Han, Wei, Zhi, Fan and Zhonghang.

所謂六卿，就是趙、 韓、魏、知、範、中行氏六家。

Later the Fan and Zhonghang families collapsed due to the joint efforts of the other four families.

後來，趙、韓、魏、知四家聯合起來，消滅了範氏和中行氏。

In 453 B. C. , Zhao, Wei and Han divided Zhi among them. The political power and the Lands were then set for the three remaining families to divide whenever they liked.

至公元前453年，趙、韓、魏三家又聯合起來，消滅了知氏，晉國的政權就控制在這三家手中，晉國的絕大部分土地也在他們的控制之下。

In 403 B. C. , the King Weilie of Zhou recognized the three families, Han, Zhao and Wei as vassals, and the state Jin existed in name only.

公元前403年，周威烈王承認韓、趙、魏三家爲諸侯，晉國名存實亡。

After this, Han, Zhao and Wei evolved into strong states in the central plain ； consequently Jin disappeared.

此後韓、 趙、魏成爲中原大國，晉亡。

It marks the beginning of the Warring States Period.

戰國時期也由此開始。

The Tians Attacked ： Qi Like Jin, the noble families in Qi grew in power after the death of Duke Huan.

田氏代齊:同晉國一樣，齊桓公死後，齊國的貴族勢力逐漸強大起來。

Among them were Guo, Gao, Yan and Tian, the last one Tian was most powerful, eventually overwhelming all the others and controlled the state.

田氏是虢氏、高氏、鮑氏、晏氏等貴族中勢力最強大的，並最終取代各家，把持朝政。

The Tian clan was the descendants of Chen.

田氏原是陳國後裔。

Under Duke Huan of Qi,they fled to Qi dodging the internal disorders.

在齊桓公時，爲避陳之內爭，逃來齊國。

In the middle of the Spring and Autumn, the influence of Tians was increasing.

春秋中期，田氏勢力逐漸強大。

In 490 B. C. , Guo and Gao made Duke Tu the monarch after the death of Duke Jing.

公元前490年，齊景公死，貴族虢氏、高氏立景公的兒子公子荼爲國君。

Tian Qi took this opportunity to launch an armed coup, defeated Guo and Gao, and then crowned Duke Yangsheng, anoth-er son of Duke Jing. Tian Qi became the prime minister.

田氏乘機發動武裝政變，打敗了虢氏、高氏，立景公的另一個兒子公子陽生爲國君（齊悼公），田乞爲相。

In 481 B. C. , Tian Chang, the son of Tian Qi, did the same thing again. He went as far as killing Duke Jian of Qi. From then on, Tians held the political power in Qi.

公元前481年，田常田乞之子又發動武裝政變，並殺死了齊簡公，政權完全控制在田氏手中。

It was in 391 B. C. , Tian He, the great-grandson of Tian Chang, replaced Duke Kang of Qi, and took the sovereign himself.

到田常的曾孫田和時，其於公元前391年廢掉齊康公，自立爲國君。