令你充滿敬畏的十大歷史建築(上)
It's something we've all wondered about at one time or another: What would it be like to live in a sweet mansion? But, while most of us are probably picturing a life of nonstop mega-parties, the truth is that plenty of the greatest buildings ever designed made absolutely awful homes.
大概每個人都有過這種幻想，居住在富麗堂皇的宮殿裏會是怎樣一種奢華體驗呢？然而，在那些宏偉華麗的大房子裏，真正的生活又是如何呢？ailles Was Absolutely Freezing
10.冰冷水晶宮——法國凡爾賽
Everything about Louis XIV (also known as the Sun King) was impressive. His palace at Versailles contained over 700 rooms and would have cost a minimum of $3.2 billion if it was built today. It would also be considered absolutely uninhabitable for the very good reason that it was absolutely don't just mean cold in the "before central heating" sense of the word. We mean the temperature was so unbearably low even people living in a time now known as the Little Ice Age commented on it. Contemporary accounts include descriptions of wine and water freezing solid at the king's table during dinner. According to the journal of the king's health kept by the Sun King's doctors, Louis XIV's extravagant wigs were used less to hide his baldness and more to keep him warm in Versailles's chilly interiors. It wasn't just the temperature that caused problems at Versailles. We've told you before about the lack of toilets forcing people to poop in corridors. Pests attracted by the smell overran the palace bringing terrible diseases in their wake. And these diseases would've had no problem breaking through people's cold-compromised immune systems.
太陽王路易十四，歐洲專制統治最完美的化身，對自己的宮殿也要追求完美。精緻奢靡的凡爾賽宮裏，大大小小的房間加起來多達700間，建造成本摺合成現在的美元最少也得32億。然而，外觀華麗的宮殿卻是絕對不宜居住的，到了冬天刺骨的寒風讓人只想逃離。凡爾賽宮的冷可不是南方冬天沒有暖氣的陰冷，那可是連小冰河時期的人都未必能經受得住的極寒！有傳聞說路易十四吃過晚餐剛放下酒杯，裏面的紅酒就會結冰。從他的御用醫生記錄的日誌中我們還發現，路易十四那頂著名的假髮可不是單單用來遮住他光亮的腦袋，保暖纔是真意圖。除了冬天滴水成冰，凡爾賽宮裏的如廁間也是少的可憐，住在宮裏的人往往來不及找到廁所就只能就地解決了。遍地的排泄物臭氣熏天，不僅引來蒼蠅蚊子同時也滋生無數細菌。
Forbidden City Was One Vast Prison
9.赤色囚城——紫禁城
Sprawling over a 178-acre site, China's Forbidden City is every kid's dream of what a palace should be. Along with a gigantic throne room, the seat of government featured a harem trained to attend to the emperor's every whim and courtiers who were always on hand to clean up any mess. For centuries, it's been idealized as the height of decadent "living" in this case means "spending your life in misery without a single second of privacy." Most emperors could probably count the moments of "me time" they got over their entire lives on a single hand. From the moment they awoke to the moment they went to sleep, a group of eunuchs would keep careful watch over them at all times. Even things like using the toilet meant peeing into a chamber pot in the corner of the room with an attendant waiting nearby to snatch it away. Their personal freedom was also severely restricted. No emperor was allowed to leave the palace without an escort, and even then, they could only go to official engagements. Life was so lonely for the figurehead of imperial China that Reginald Johnston, tutor to the last emperor in history, remarked, "That ill-omened pile of buildings was an emperor's prison [260] years ago, and an emperor's prison it remains to this day."
佔地超過178英畝，中國的紫禁城能滿足每個孩子關於宮殿的所有幻想。紫禁城內除了象徵皇權的寶座，不計其數的亭臺樓閣，還有完全服從皇帝意志的後宮妃嬪和任憑差遣的奴才侍衛。幾個世紀以來，紫禁城內的生活優越至極，但雄偉的皇城亦如牢籠。從皇帝醒來直至入睡時分，太監們便開始俯首帖耳服侍左右。即使是在"官房"內如廁，也會有專門的太監在旁等候將其取走。皇上的一生都在侍從、妃嬪"無微不至"的照料下度過，真正屬於自己的時間少之又少，毫無隱私可言，人身自由是受到嚴格限制的。在沒有護駕時皇帝不得離開皇宮。"中國的傀儡皇帝生活得如此孤寂，"中國歷史上最後一位帝師雷金納德·莊士敦曾這樣感慨，"260年前這陰沉龐大的皇城就是皇帝的牢獄，今天更是，囚住了皇帝的人生，也囚住了帝國的翅膀。"Farnsworth House Was One Giant Moth Lamp
8.巨型娥燈——範斯沃斯住宅
Designed in 1945 by architect Mies van der Rohe (as a weekend retreat for Dr. Edith Farnsworth), the Farnsworth House is one of the most celebrated homes in American history. There are even Lego kits available of it. Costing the equivalent of $500,000, its simple interior, giant windows, and devotion to simplicity made it an Illinois icon. They also severely irritated Dr. Farnsworth, who claimed the building was virtually uninhabitable. Having asked Mies to build her a country getaway, Dr. Farnsworth was horrified to discover she was being asked to live inside a pristine work of art. Despite the large windows, Mies refused to install blinds or curtains, meaning the house's heating bills were astronomic. It also meant anyone outside could see in at all times, and thanks to Mies's celebrity there were always people outside. Farnsworth complained camera-wielding tourists would snap pictures of her in her underwear.
1945年，密斯·凡·德·羅爲範斯沃斯博士設計了一套專門用來週末度假的房子，建成後，這座範斯沃斯住宅被評選爲美國曆史上最有名的建築物之一，整座房子耗費500,000美金，建築風格簡約，巨幅的落地窗採光充足，是伊利諾伊州的地標性建築。你甚至可以在裏面找到風靡全球的樂高機械組。但範斯沃斯對此並不滿意，說這種房子常人根本無法居住。範斯沃斯原先希望密斯爲她設計一座充滿田園風光的宅子，沒想到建成後卻是個徹頭徹尾的藝術品，中看不中用，來這裏度假簡直是折磨。在給房子裝修時，密斯拒絕在室內掛上窗簾，這意味着房屋本身的保暖效果極弱，必須依靠供暖系統維持室內溫度，平時這方面的開銷累計起來也是天文數字了。除此之外，落地的透明窗戶沒有窗簾，範斯沃斯在屋內的一舉一動在外面都可以看得一清二楚。慕名而來的參觀者絡繹不絕，甚至有遊客把她穿內衣的照片也給拍了下來。At night, the vast windows and isolated location turned the house into a giant moth lamp, causing insects and mosquitoes to flood the open plan rooms. In the end, Farnsworth sued the architect over her disaster of a house. She lost.
到晚上，這件藝術品就是一盞巨型娥燈，大量蚊蟲涌入房間，黑壓壓的一片，想想就讓人頭皮發麻。最後，範斯沃斯忍無可忍起訴設計師密斯，但她也真是倒黴到底，上訴失敗繼續忍受這座華麗麗的藝術品吧。ngham Hall Leaked Its Owner Into Bankruptcy
7.金錢粉碎機——Attingham 畫廊
A gigantic country estate in Shropshire, Attingham Hall is one of the grandest structures in the whole of England (which is saying something). Despite its unimaginable size, the estate is today best known for its picture gallery designed by John Nash, the same architect responsible for Buckingham Palace. Using pioneering techniques, Nash created a skylight made of cast-iron that spanned the entire gallery and let light into every corner. It also let in rain—lots and lots of rain.
Attingham畫廊坐落在什羅普郡鄉，是全英國最壯觀的建築之一。它的設計者——白金漢宮的設計師約翰·納什（John Nash)也使其名聲在外。納什利用先進的技術，經過精確測量，用生鐵鑄造了一個巨大天窗，陽光可以灑進畫廊的每一個角落。然而，露天的畫廊進來的可不止陽光，每到雨天，瓢潑大雨也是奪窗而入呢！A few years after the roof was completed, it began to let in water. As time went on, the expansion and contraction of the iron frame in different weather made the problem worse until it became a major issue. The picture gallery suffered water staining, while the walls themselves began to crack under the constant drip of rain. According to the National Trust, the flawed roof was so difficult to maintain that it directly contributed to the bankruptcy of its owner. As a result, no replacement was installed until January 2015, over 200 years after the first leak sprang.
原來屋頂建成沒幾年，天窗就開始滲水。季節變換，冷熱交替，窗框的熱脹冷縮使得漏水問題更加嚴重。當時的國民託管組織實地考察後宣佈，牆壁滲水太過嚴重，已經無法修復。更不幸的是畫廊裏那些價值連城的作品因爲雨水侵蝕，損毀嚴重，直接導致了畫廊主人破產。過了兩百多年，一直到2015年1月，纔有人重新接手這家畫廊，整修運營。ntic Storms Made Tintagel Castle Uninhabitable
6.大西洋風暴的傑作——地獄城堡延塔傑爾
In a list of coolest places to live, a top spot would undoubtedly be held by Tintagel Castle which is a place of great historical importance. Situated on a rocky outcrop of land on the Atlantic coast of Cornwall, Richard of Cornwall's new castle had all the advantages it needed: It had prestigious history and it was easy to defend. Unfortunately, there was one thing Richard couldn't defend his castle from: the Atlantic weather.
如果要給全球最冷居住地排一個榜單，那麼延塔傑爾城堡絕對是榜首。城堡坐落在大西洋海岸的康沃爾郡，這裏歷史悠久，文化積澱深厚，四周裸露的岩石是天然的保護屏障。然而有一個問題令人束手無策：大西洋詭異多端的天氣。Ferocious winds, pounding waves, and rain all combined to make Tintagel Castle a living nightmare. Landslides and flooding were common, and parts of the causeway routinely collapsed into the sea. Less than 100 years after it was built, Tintagel was in a state of utter decay and coastal erosion had likely caused a partial collapse. By 1600, the castle was completely abandoned and left to the elements that had driven its owners away.
狂風，巨浪還有暴雨聯起手來摧殘延塔傑爾城堡，居住在裏面簡直就是噩夢。山體滑坡和洪水是家常便飯，修建的堤岸被巨浪衝垮也是常事。不到一百年的時間裏，延塔傑爾城堡不斷被大西洋捲來的海風和巨浪侵蝕摧殘，城堡內的許多房屋已經坍塌。到1600年，城堡徹底報廢。翻譯:雨後起點 來源:前十網
