令你充滿敬畏的十大歷史建築(下)

People's Palace Was Filled With Ridiculous Flaws

5.充滿了荒謬缺陷的人民宮

In 1977, an earthquake tore through downtown Bucharest. Hitting 7.3 on the Richter scale, it killed 1,500 people and flattened a significant portion of the city's buildings. For Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceausescu, this wasn't just a tragedy. It was his chance to build a palace befitting his megalomania. In the following years, the affected areas (and some less-affected ones) were cleared to make room for the biggest palace on Earth.

1977年，布加勒斯特市發生了一場里氏7.3震級的地震，震盪造成1500人死亡，市內許多重要建築被夷爲平地。然而，對於齊奧塞斯庫，這位羅馬尼亞的獨裁者來說，與其說是一場災難，倒不如說是他炫耀功績的一個契機。他要趁此機會在市中心建造一座金碧輝煌的宮殿來滿足自己膨脹的虛榮心。於是齊奧塞斯庫開始組織人力清理廢墟，甚至一些較爲完好的建築也被拆除，目的就是要建造專屬於齊奧塞斯庫的世界第一宮殿。

Seven times bigger than Versailles, the People's Palace was the last word in Communist opulence. Entire mountains were torn down to build it as an army of 1.5 million people worked to build it around the clock. The finished building contained 7,000 luxury rooms and 3,500 tons of crystal. It also contained enough stupid design flaws to make living there hilariously starters, the People's Palace was stupidly big. After an hour's solid walking, you could cover less than 10 percent of it. Even worse were the stairs. Cut to fit Ceausescu's tiny feet, the staircases were considered impossible for any normal-sized adult to use. Thanks to the dictator's paranoia about chemical attacks, there was also no air-conditioning which was not good in the sultry heat of a Romanian summer. Ceausescu never got to try living in his palace. Before construction finished, he and his wife found themselves on the wrong end of a revolution and were executed.

人民宮比凡爾賽宮大7倍，大概是歐洲共產主義革命成就的唯一亮點。齊奧塞斯庫調派一百五十萬人的軍隊夜以繼日建造人民宮，過程中有座山妨礙了進度，齊奧塞斯庫索性下令把整座山給鑿通。在他當權期間，總共建造了7000個房間，揮霍3500噸水晶粉飾裝點。儘管宮殿如此華麗奢靡，但似乎世上所有中看的東西都不中用。首先，人民宮的佔地面積算得上大到可笑。沿直線在宮內步行一小時，也只是穿過了十分之一的面積。整座宮殿充斥着齊奧塞斯庫的個人色彩，房間內的樓梯寬度是專爲齊奧塞斯庫設計的，也就是說除了他的那雙小腳，其他任何一位成年人都無法使用他的專屬樓梯！貌似這位獨裁者對現代化學應用偏見不少，不允許在宮殿內安裝空氣疏通系統，羅馬尼亞的夏天悶熱潮溼，住在裏面真是遭罪。令人啼笑解非的是，齊奧塞斯庫從來沒有在宮殿里居住過。宮殿還沒竣工，他和他的妻子便因爲發生的革命被處決了。

Villa Savoye Was Cold And Miserable

4.白色魔宅——薩沃耶別墅

A gleaming white villa built in 1929, Villa Savoye by Le Corbusier was one of the most important buildings of the 20th century. Designed as "a machine for living in," it single-handedly transformed the future of architecture. Today, it's considered a masterpiece, drawing students from all around the world to witness it. One can only guess what Madame Savoye, the original owner, would say about this. She absolutely hated living there.

勒·柯布西的薩沃耶別墅建於1929年，從遠處看是一座閃着銀光的白色別墅，它是20世紀最具代表性的建築之一。一開始設計別墅的目的僅是用來居住，但在今天看來，它的建築意義遠遠超過其實用功能，是向未來建築風格過渡的轉型作品。薩沃耶別墅被認爲是建築史上的傑作，世界各地學習建築和美術的學生都爲之吸引，前來參觀學習。當然，人們一定會好奇別墅的主人薩沃耶夫人在裏面是如何生活的。出人意料，薩沃耶夫人對這座別墅是百分之百的差評。

From the moment it was finished, Villa Savoye had problems. The roof leaked badly in multiple places from the garage, to the hall, to the bathroom, and the interior was constantly wet. In a letter to Le Corbusier, Madame Savoye also noted the skylight made a terrible noise in bad weather that kept her entire family awake. Meanwhile, the large windows caused insane levels of heat loss and the entire villa felt cold and damp 24/7. There's even some evidence that living there triggered her son's terrible health problems. By 1935, the entire family had moved out and Madame Savoye was threatening Le Corbusier with legal action for building her such a terrible home.

從薩沃耶夫人搬進別墅的那一刻起，各種問題就一直困擾着她。別墅滲水嚴重，從車庫到客廳再到浴室幾乎無處不漏，屋內水珠成股流下，如同下雨般潮溼。在寫給好友勒•柯布西耶的信中，薩沃耶夫人抱怨每逢颳風下雨，屋頂的天窗都會發出刺耳的噪音，全家人整晚聽着轟隆轟隆的聲音，難以入眠。和範斯沃斯夫人的別墅一樣，薩沃耶屋內的落地窗戶也使得熱量散失太快，一到冬天就把人凍得發抖。更糟糕的是，由於長期生活在薩沃耶別墅，薩沃耶夫人的兒子的健康狀況也出現了問題。到1935年，薩沃耶一家搬出這座白色魔宅，並且對柯布西耶提出了法律訴訟。

Great Halls Of Norse Legend Were Disgusting

3.驚悚傳說——北歐大禮堂

If you've ever read Beowulf, you'll remember Heorot. The palace of King Hroogar, Heorot was the greatest hall in Norse legend—a great, tall building that literally shone with gold. While Heorot was fictional, it drew inspiration from the great Viking longhouses of the real world. However, the anonymous author of Beowulf missed out one important point: Even a longhouse as awe-inspiring as Heorot would've been utterly disgusting.

讀過《貝奧武夫》的朋友，一定會記得希奧羅特宮殿，整座宮殿的牆壁鑲滿黃金，光彩奪目，是北歐傳說中最華麗的宮殿。雖然希奧羅特王宮只存在於神話當中，相信大家都知道維京人傳統民居——長屋，希奧羅特王宮的原型就取於此。有個祕密一定要分享，《貝奧武夫》的作者隱去了長屋的另一面：看上去金碧輝煌的維京長屋有着一股惡臭，進去的人無不噁心作嘔。

For starters, even the greatest halls were exactly that—halls with no additional rooms. This meant everyone from the lord or king to his charges slept, changed, and had sex under the same roof. They also shared their living space with the animals they owned, meaning the whole place likely stank to high heaven. Noise was also an issue, as were dirt, disease, and 's before we get into the smoke. Prior to the 14th century, European halls created heat by simply lighting a gigantic fire in the middle of the room. Since there was no fireplace, smoke leaked out a big hole in the ceiling. This method meant halls were often filled with acrid fog. It may have looked like paradise to the writer of Beowulf, but Heorot would've been uninhabitable by our modern standards.

華麗夢幻的金屋是個大通間，偌大的宮殿沒有任何隔板，可以想象國王和侯爵們整日生活在同一間屋子裏，吃飯，睡覺，在衆目睽睽之下做愛是什麼畫面。除此之外，維京人還會把他們飼養的動物栓在屋裏，屋內的噪音，動物糞便的惡臭，灰塵，細菌全都瀰漫在空氣中，陰暗的角落裏還有各種小蟲子在偷偷活動，想想便覺得頭皮發麻。十四世紀以前，歐洲人通常會在屋子的中間劃一大塊區域點火供暖。那時沒有壁爐，燃燒樹幹放出的濃煙四處瀰漫，人們總是被嗆得直流淚，有意思的是他們還樂在其中，認爲濃煙繚繞如同天堂，離上帝更近了。總之，不管是希奧羅特宮殿，還是維京人的四角長屋，它們都與我們現在的住房標準相距甚遠。

In Topkapi Palace Was Terrifying

2.託普卡帕宮裏可怕的生活

A sprawling palace lying alongside Istanbul's Bosphorus, Topkapi has been inspiring people for centuries. Constructed in the 15th century, the palace is today a UNESCO heritage site and major tourist attraction. People from all over the world come to wonder what it must've been like to live there. So we'll be clear about this: It was terrifying.

宏偉壯麗的託普卡帕宮興建於15世紀，盤踞在伊斯坦布爾海岸邊，幾個世紀以來令無數人神往。現在被聯合國教科文組織選爲世界物質遺產並且被當地政府開發爲旅遊景點。託普卡帕宮的名氣吸引世界各地的遊客前來參觀，想對皇宮裏的生活探個究竟。然而真實體驗可要讓遊客跌破眼鏡了。

Topkapi Palace was so full of intrigue and brutality it would've frightened Machiavelli. The sultan was so prone to assassination he would take his baths locked away in a giant cage where nobody could kill him. For those slightly lower down the pecking order, things were even worse. Right up until the 17th century, it was considered acceptable for a sultan to kill all his male relatives to ensure his son got the throne. In 1595, all 19 of Mehmet III's brothers were murdered and his father's pregnant concubines drowned at sea. When Selim II outlawed killing princes, it instead became practice to lock them in a gilded cage until they died of natural causes. By the time you got down to the harem girls, life was basically an Eli Roth movie. Uncooperative girls could be locked in tiny cages or, if they continued to rebel, tied up in sacks and thrown into the Bosphorus. Ibrahim I is even said to have ordered all 280 members of his harem drowned just for the heck of it. Whatever social level you were at, life in Topkapi was generally nasty, brutal, and very short.

蘇丹王室內部有一條不成文的傳統，爲了保證蘇丹王的兒子順利繼承王位，必要時可以殺死其他男性成員或者全部囚禁在籠子中直到老死。1595年，穆罕默德三世的19個兄弟都被殺害，他父親的一個小妾有孕在身也沒幸免於難，被人投進了海里。一直到斯萊姆二世宣佈要處死王子們時，王室發生內亂，情況纔有所改變。皇宮裏的生活處處充滿血腥和陰謀，蘇丹王馬基雅維裏神經過敏，日夜擔心被刺殺，竟想出要把自己和浴室反鎖在籠子裏，認爲這樣就沒人能謀害他了。皇宮內等級森嚴，對於那些地位卑賤的人雖然不太可能被刺殺，但情況只壞不好。宮女如果犯錯，不聽話，根據宮規會被關進一個極小的籠子裏。如果依然不聽話甚至反抗，會被塞進麻袋直接扔進博斯普魯斯海里，結局十分悲慘。有傳聞說易卜拉欣一世僅僅因爲心情不好就下令將280名宮女活活淹死。無論是至高無上的蘇丹王還是微不足道的宮女，縱使身份地位不同，一生在託普卡帕皇宮裏的生活都是血腥恐怖的。

k Lloyd Wright's Houses Are Uninhabitable

1.賴特的玩具——無人荒屋

The man behind the famous Guggenheim Museum, Frank Lloyd Wright, may be the most revered architect in American history. His houses are so sought-after today they change hands for millions of dollars, and many consider them to be icons of design. Many more consider them virtually uninhabitable.

弗蘭克·勞埃德·賴特是名聲享譽世界的美國建築師。他設計的房子一直到現在仍受到人們的熱烈追捧，最著名的就是古根海姆博物館。但人們對賴特的作品僅僅是從觀賞角度評價，作爲藝術品，真正談到實用功能，應該沒人願意居住。

The scope of the problems differs, but they all seem to have one thing in common: poorly planned design. In one case, a New Jersey home bought for $400,000 flooded seven times in 25 years. Each time, it flooded badly enough to cause terrible damage. Others are reported to spring heavy leaks during the rain, while his iconic Fallingwater house (pictured above) very nearly collapsed due to structural there are the smaller, but no less frustrating, problems that make day-to-day living hell. One couple discovered that their dream Wright home had doorways only 55 centimeters (22 in) wide, meaning moving their furniture in became a costly nightmare. Other houses have kitchens so tiny it's almost impossible to cook without banging into something, and none of them come with basements, attics, or garages. They're also absurdly expensive to fix up. A recent Wall Street Journal article recounted horror stories of buyers paying double the purchase cost to restore their new homes to something like a livable state.

賴特設計的房子雖然造型獨特，外觀華麗精緻，但有一個非常重要的問題，沒有考慮到建築的內部結構。早期他在新澤西設計的一棟房子賣了四十萬美元，可後來二十五年的時間裏這棟房子被淹了七次，而且一次比一次嚴重，房主人損失巨大。他的另一傑作流水別墅有一次滲水太過嚴重，險些倒塌。賴特的玩具還有一個特點——任性，彷彿他只根據自己的喜好隨意設計，很多時候建成的房子只是孤零零一座，類似地下室、閣樓、車庫這些配套設施賴特從不考慮。有對夫婦十分喜愛他的建築風格，就請賴特專門爲他們設計一座房子，有趣的是這對夫婦看見期待已久的房子頓時傻了眼，房門太窄，只有半米寬！於是搬遷的過程中，大件傢俱讓他們傷透了腦筋。不僅門窄，廚房也是袖珍版，一個人在裏面做飯都轉不開，更別說其他人來幫忙了。《華爾街日報》有一則新聞說有位買家癡迷於賴特設計的房子，不惜花幾百萬美金來整修新房，成本超出房子本身兩倍還多。

翻譯:雨後起點 來源:前十網