美國曆史上針對女性的9條奇葩禁令
Although men and women now enjoy relatively good social, economic and political parity in this country, it wasn’t always the case. Believe it or not, these were all real things that women could not do.
雖然美國現在男人和女人的社會、經濟、政治地位近乎平等，但歷史上並不總是如此。信不信由你，下面這些就是歷史上女性曾經被禁止做的事情。
1. Wear Revealing Swimsuits
不準穿過於暴露的泳裝
During the 1920s, beachgoing women were expected to adhere to strict guidelines about how much skin they could reveal. There were actually law enforcement details whose sole responsibility was measuring women’s suits with measuring tapes. Infractions could be punished with arrest.
20世紀20年代，前往沙灘的女性被要求遵守嚴格規則，皮膚的裸露面積不得超過一定值。實際上，有些執法人員的唯一指責就是用捲尺測量女性的泳裝，違法人員可能會被逮捕。
2. Run in the Boston Marathon
不準參加波士頓馬拉松
Up until 1972, women were barred from running in the Boston Marathon. Roberta Gibb wasn’t about to wait, though. In 1966 she insisted on running uninvited and unregistered. The next year, a woman named Katherine Switzer signed up as “K.V. Switzer” and was issued a number. She was greeted by a number of angry men, including Jock Semple, a race official who chased her, tried to rip off her number and (unsuccessfully) attempted to bully her off the track.
1972年以前，女性被禁止參加波士頓馬拉松。1966年，Roberta Gibb堅持在未獲邀約、未登記的情況下參加了長跑。第二年，一位名爲Katherine Switzer的女性用“zer”之名進行登記，並獲得了一個號碼。許多男人對她表示憤怒，其中包括比賽的官方人員Jock Semple——他詛咒她，試圖扯掉她的號碼，企圖恐嚇她離開跑道。
3. Have Credit Cards
不準擁有信用卡
Not until the Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974 were women allowed to have credit cards without male supervision. Before then, single women were often (completely legally) refused credit cards, which were reserved for married women who had their husbands as cosigners on their accounts.
直到1974年美國通過了《平等信用機會法》，女性才被允許在沒有男性監護人的情況下獲得信用卡。在此之前，單身女性通常被（合法地）拒絕發放信用卡，只有已婚女性才能在丈夫作爲賬戶連署人的情況下擁有信用卡。
4. Work While Pregnant
不準懷孕期間工作
It used to be legal for employers to fire female workers after they became pregnant. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act put an end to this practice in 1978. Before then, it was extremely common for companies to fire the pregnant. It is estimated that up to forty percent of employers adhered to the practice.
曾經，僱傭懷孕女性是違法的。知道1978年，《懷孕歧視法案》才終止了這一行爲。此前，企業開除懷孕員工再正常不過了——據估計，大約有40%的僱主堅持如此。
5. Become Astronauts
不準成爲宇航員
NASA did not hire female applicants to train as astronauts until 1979. It wasn’t until the 1983 Challenger mission that Sally Ride became the first female astronaut to enter space.
直到1979年，NASA纔開始接受女性進行宇航員訓練。1983年，Sally Ride成爲第一個進入太空的女性宇航員。
6. Serve On Juries
不準擔任陪審團成員
Until a 1975 Supreme Court ruling, women were legally excluded from being members of a jury. It was believed that they wouldn’t be able to handle the violent details of some crimes and were also too prone to emotion to make rational judgments. It was also believed that jury duty would distract from their homemaking responsibilities.
1975年，最高法院裁決女性可以成爲陪審團成員。在那之前，人們認爲女性無法承受某些犯罪行爲的暴力細節，並且會因爲過於情緒化而無法做出理性判斷。此外，人們還相信她們的持家指責會被此所幹擾。
7. Smoke In Public
不準在公衆場合吸菸
Between 1908 and 1927, women in New York were barred from smoking in public businesses. Smoking was actually very rare for women until Edward Bernays launched a marketing campaign that redubbed them “liberty torches” and framed them as a symbol of gender equality.
1908-1927年期間，紐約禁止女性在公共場合吸菸。其實，吸菸在女性中很少見，知道Edward Bernays推行了一項市場運動，授予香菸“自由火炬”的稱呼，將其塑造成性別平等的象徵。
8. Watch the Olympics
不準觀看奧運會
In the original Olympics, held in ancient Greece, it was forbidden for married women to observe the games, under punishment of death. In 1930, British women were similarly banned from watching Olympic boxing matches by the army, including the wives of the fighters themselves.
最初的古希臘奧運會禁止已婚女性觀看比賽，違者處以死刑。1930年，軍隊禁止英國女性觀看奧運會的拳擊比賽，包括選手自己的妻子。
9. Take Birth Control Pills
不準服用避孕藥
The birth control pill made it through the FDA approval process in 1957, but was reserved as a treatment exclusively for menstrual issues. The pill was greenlit as a contraceptive in 1960, but even then was only prescribed to married women. General consensus at the time was that it was immoral and encouraged prostitution.
1957年，避孕藥通過了FDA的審批，但僅可用戶治療月經不調。1960年，它被許可用於避孕，但只以處方形式開具給已婚女性。當時，人們普遍認爲避孕藥是不道德的，會鼓勵賣淫。
