中英雙語話歷史 第19期:東周(經濟)

During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Zhou rulers alMost lost their control over lands.

春秋時期，周天子對土地的控制力已幾乎完全喪失。

Vassals and nobles turned the public lands into private, adopting a new method of exploitation： farm laborers turned over a large part of products and kept the rest.

諸侯、貴族把公田化爲私田，逐漸採取了新的剝削方式，農民被迫交出大部分產品。

Thus, slave-owners became feudal landlords, while slaves tilling well fields became peasants.

這樣奴隸主貴族轉變成了封建地主，原來耕種井田的奴隸轉變成爲農民。

Starting from State Lu, the well field system disintegrated gradually in all states, which was the sign of the collapse of slave society.

從魯國開始， 井田制在各國逐步瓦解，標誌着奴隸社會的逐步崩潰。

Iron wares were in common use in agriculture and handcraft industry,symbolizing the improvement of the social productivity.

鐵器已經在農業、手工業生產中普遍使用，這標誌着社會生產力的顯著提高。

Cattle ploughing fields became a common sight, cultivation technique was raised, and agriculture got further development.

此時，也開始用牛耕地。耕作技術提高了，農業生產進一步發展起來。

At the turning point of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States, people began to make steel due to the improvement of iron-casting technology, and for the first time, it was used in weapon-making industry, like casting sword.

由於冶鐵技術不斷提高，春秋戰國之交還出現了鍊鋼，並首先被用於鑄劍等兵器製造業。

Wu, Yue and Chu were famous for sword casting with well-known swords like Yuchang, Ganjiang, Moye etc. were all made in these states.

吳、越、楚等國都是當時鑄造名劍的地方，出現魚腸、干將、莫邪等名劍。

Some craftsmen turned into individual producers and traders. They lived in a large market in the city, manufacturing and selling at the same time.

一部分工匠成爲個體生產和經營者，聚居於城中的肆裏,邊生產邊銷售。

It was in the last years of this period that Luban, the founder of carpenter, lived.

被稱爲匠師之祖的公輸般魯班,就生活於春秋末年。

Coins emerged at that time. Jin was one of the first places to mint and use coins.

鑄造金屬貨幣產生於春秋時期,晉國是最早鑄造和使用鑄幣的地區之一。