中英雙語話歷史 第48期:北方少數民族
Ever since the Eastern Han Dynasty, ethnic minorities in northWestern and northern areas kept migrating inland, which complicated the relations among different nationalities in the north of China.
These minorities were en-couraged or forced to immigrate into the inner land for sake of effective management and the needs for working hands since the labors were scare then.
魏晉時期,漢族統治者爲了加強對各少數民族的控制和補充內地勞動人手的不足，經常招引和強制他們人居內地。With years of staying and under the influence of Han nationality, these nomadic people led a more settled life, which bound them on the farm lands.
各少數民族人民內遷後，在漢族的長期影響下，逐步由遊牧生活向定居的農業生活過渡。
At that time, the population of the various minorities accounted for about half that of the total one millions, taking for example, the Guanzhong area in the Jin Dynasty. Among them are the most prominent five ： Xiongnu, Jie, Di, Qiang and Xianbei, which referred as “Wu Hu”（the five major minorities) in history.
當時，在內地不少地方，少數民族人數相當多，關中戶口百萬,其中少數民族佔了一半左右，而且種族很多，主要有匈奴、羯、氐、羌以及鮮卑五族，史稱爲“五胡”。The land system of the Western Jin stipulated the taxes paid, in addition, the minorities were often forced to be slaves and tenants of Han landlords and royal clans.
西晉佔田制明確規定了他們的負稅。漢族的官僚、地主多以少數民族人爲奴婢、佃客。Consequently, they were not only brought under control but also were oppressed and exploited by the Chinese government and its citizens, which triggered the heart-felt hatred towards the governing class and forged consistent uprising of these minorities.
殘酷的民族壓迫，使各少數民族對西晉統治者“怨恨之氣，毒於骨髓”，因而反抗不斷髮生。In the later Western Jin Dynasty, there broken out the rebels led by Qi Wannian, Li Te, Zhang Chang, etc, among which the most threatening one was in 301, Li Xiong, son of Li Te ,captured Chengdu, declared himself King of Chengdu and formed the “Cheng Han” regime in Sichuan.)
西晉後期，先後爆發了齊萬年、李特、張昌等領導的大規模起義，其中李特之子李雄於公元301年佔領成都，自封成都王，還在四川建立了“成漢”政權。
