中英雙語話歷史 第53期:五胡十六國

While the Eastern Jin existed in the south, northern China fell into disunifi-cation of warfare. The Yellow River valley became the battlefield for warlords from the five Hu nationalities—the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Jie, the Diand the Qiang. Each Hu (minority) state established its own government to front the Eastern Jin and there were a bunch of countries came into existence and vanished. These governments are known as “the Sixteen States”.

當東晉在江南建國的同時，中國的北方則陷人分裂混戰，黃河流域成爲匈奴、鮮卑、羯、氐、弟等五個主要遊牧民族爭殺的戰場，並分別建立了自己的國家，相互爭霸，不斷有國家成立和滅亡，這些國家被稱爲北方的十六國。

In 304, the Xiongnu noble Liu Yuan set up the Han state which, in 316, vanquished the Western Jin. In 439, the Tuoba tribe of the Xianbei nationality united the north. For over a hundred years, frequent wars took place among different nationalities, resulting in the establishment of 15 states. They were the Former Zhao (Xiongnu), the Later Zhao (Jie), the Former Yan (Xianbei), the Former Liang (Han), the Former Qin (Di), the Later Qin (Qiang), the Later Yan (Xianbei), the Western Qin (Xianbei ),the Later Liang ( Di), the Southern Liang (Xianbei), the Western Liang (Han), the Northern Liang (Lushuihu), the Southern Yan (Xianbei), the Northern Yan (Han), and the Xia (Xiongnu). These fifteen states together with the Han state of Cheng established by the Di nationality in the southwest are historically called the Sixteen States.

從公元304年匈奴貴族劉淵建立漢國，316年滅掉西晉，到439年鮮卑拓拔部統一北方，這130多年裏，北方各民族相互爭戰，先後建立了前趙（匈奴）、後趙（羯）、前燕 (鮮卑）、前涼（漢）、前秦（氐）、後秦（羌）、後燕（鮮卑）、西秦（鮮卑）、後涼（氐）、南 涼(鮮卑）、西涼（漢）、北涼（盧水胡）、南燕(鮮卑）、北燕（漢）、夏（匈奴）等15個政 權，連同西南氐族建立的成漢，共十六國，和東晉漢族政權長期對峙,史稱五胡十六國。

Besides, there were five regimes：the Wei founded by Ran Min of the Han nationality； the Wei founded by the Zhai family in Dingling； the Chouchi founded by the Yang family in Wudu, a leader of the Di nationality； the Western Yan founded by the Murong family of the Xianbei nationality, and the Dai by the Tuoba family of the Xianbei nationality. There were altogether 21 states in this period.

除十六國之外，還有漢人冉閔建立的魏、丁靈翟氏建立的魏、武都氐帥楊氏建立的仇池國、鮮卑慕容氏建立的西燕、鮮卑拓跋氏建立的代五個政權，總計先後建立了21個政權。

Among them, the Later Zhao，the Former Yan and the Former Qin successively occupied most of the northern territories；especially, the Former Qin almost united the whole northern part of China.

上述政權中，後趙、前燕、前秦都曾佔據過北方的大部分疆域。4世紀下半期，氐族貴族建立的前秦，基本上統一了北方。

After the Feishui Compaign，the Former Qin was shattered, thus over a century, warfare never stopped in the north.

淝水之戰後，前秦統治瓦解,北方再度陷人四分五裂和軍閥混戰狀態。

The wholescale migration to the hinterland brought many minorities into full contacts with the Huaxia (Chinese) culture. They acquired the same tastes and conventions with Han nationality and were assimilated and accommodated in Han culture.

由於少數民族人主中原，更多地接觸到華夏文化,使之與漢民族逐漸發展爲同一生活習慣的民族，進而被漢族融合。

Since then, China was a nation embracing various ethnic groups that imbued with similar customs due to the fact that the minorities live along with the majority Han side by side in the northern part of central plain.

自魏、晉、南北朝之後，中原北方大體已形成以漢族爲主,其他少數民族混居的人口構成形式，使中國正式成爲具有相似生活習慣的多民族國家。

The rulers of Eastern Jin were contented with their sovereign in the south and did not take serious of recovering of the Central Plain.

由於東晉統治者安於江南，不以恢復中原爲意，門閥大族致力於南方的莊園經營。

Those landlord gentries and noble families concentrated their minds on economic developments in the south. Therefore It was possible for the nobles in the south to know the prestigious families and refugees migrated from the north in the war which enhanced the social development in the south.

北方大族及大量漢族人口遷徙江南，使得江南的名士與渡江的中原人士有了更多的交流機會，促進了社會文化的發展。

Since Wei there was a prosperous development of literature,especially in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

自曹魏以來，中國的文學發展一直處於大步前進的時期，其中以東晉年間的文人最爲著名。

For example, Xie Lingyun, a landscape poem writer and Tao Yuanming , a pastoral poet grew out of the old style of poem writing and wrote the poems full of imagination and the flavor of rustic life. These new ideas and reforms laid foundation for later flourishing of poems and prose in Sui-Tang dynasties.

東晉出現了山水詩人謝靈運、 田園詩人陶淵明等人，他們對舊體詩作出改革，爲將來隋、唐的詩文盛世創造了前提條件。

In social development, the handicraft industry was advanced in a wide margin compared to that of the Western Jin owing to the melting and communications of the north and the south.

在社會生產上，北方的手工業技術與南方的技術相互融合，使東晉的手工業水平比西晉有了大幅度的提高。

With the industrious working of the immigrated farmers from the north and the native farmers in the south, enormous wilds were cultivated and empoldered, which made the Yangtze River valley the center of e-conomy following the Yellow River valley in Chinese history.

南下的北方農民和土著農民辛勤勞動，開闢南方廣大的山澤荒野，促進了江南的開發，使中國經濟重心開始由黃河流域向長江流域轉移。