雙語故事:"石油之王"的複雜人生(2)
In the process, Rich also fostered a generation of highly loyal, highly paid individual traders – many of whom became millionaires in their own right. They included Ivan Glasenberg, GlencoreXstrata’s chief executive, who was once a coal trader for Rich. Yesterday, Mr Glasenberg paid tribute to him as “a friend and one of the great pioneers of the commodities trading industry”.
在發展業務的過程當中，裏奇培養出了一代高忠誠度、高收入的個人交易員——其中很多人憑藉自己的能力成爲了百萬富翁。這批人中包括合併後的嘉能可與斯特拉塔的首席執行官伊凡•格拉森伯格(Ivan Glasenberg)，他曾是裏奇手下的一名煤炭交易員。裏奇逝世當天，格拉森伯格發言悼念裏奇，稱他是“一位朋友，以及大宗商品交易領域的偉大先行者之一。”While Rich is sometimes credited with having invented the crude oil spot market, traders say it is more accurate to say that – by operating faster, and with greater determination and skill than competitors – he perfected the modern system of trading oil independently of the majors.
雖然裏奇有些時候被認爲是原油現貨交易市場的開創者，但交易員們指出，說裏奇完善了獨立於其他主要品種、專門交易石油的現代交易系統更爲準確——裏奇提高了石油交易系統的運行速度，並展現出了相對於競爭對手來說更大的決心以及更高的商業技巧。But his model would have been merely a bright idea without the highly aggressive, risk-hungry style with which he implemented it.
但如果沒有那種極其激進、高度風險偏好的執行風格，裏奇的交易系統模型將僅僅只是一個聰明的構想。
When the Shah of Iran was toppled in 1979 – and with him many of Marc Rich + Co’s oil industry contacts – Rich was able to use the political neutrality of his company’s Swiss base to continue trading through the ensuing US hostage crisis and consequent business sanctions.
當伊朗國王於1979年被推翻時——馬克裏奇公司在石油領域的很多人脈也隨之被切斷——裏奇利用了自己公司總部所在地瑞士的政治中立性，在緊接着發生的美國人質危機以及對伊朗商業制裁期間繼續進行交易活動。Paradoxically, as journalist Daniel Ammann recounted in his 2009 biography The King of Oil, Rich’s willingness to trade with everyone – including apartheid South Africa, Fidel Castro’s Cuba and the Ayatollah Khomeini’s Iran – also made him the obvious intermediary to maintain the supply of oil to Israel.
而根據記者丹尼爾•阿曼恩(Daniel Ammann)在2009年出版的裏奇傳記《石油之王》(The King of Oil)中的敘述，裏奇願意與任何人進行交易——包括種族隔離制度之下的南非、菲德爾•卡斯特羅(Fidel Castro)治下的古巴，以及阿亞圖拉•霍梅尼(Ayatollah Khomeini)控制的伊朗——也使他顯而易見地成爲了維持以色列石油供應的中間商。Meanwhile, he was diversifying into other sectors, buying 20th Century Fox in 1981 with industrialist Marvin Davis (a stake later sold to Rupert Murdoch).
與此同時，裏奇還進入其他領域開展多元化經營。他與實業家馬文•戴維斯(Marvin Davis)聯手，於1981年收購了二十世紀福克斯(20th Century Fox)。後來，他的股份被出售給了魯珀特•默多克(Rupert Murdoch)。In 1983, however, the period that colleagues described as a “golden age” for Marc Rich + Co came to an end, when Rudolph Giuliani, then US attorney in Manhattan, indicted Rich and Mr Green. They fled the US for Switzerland. He avoided arrest by US agents, but at great personal cost: for instance, he reluctantly decided not to join his daughter in the US hospital where she was dying from cancer in 1996 for fear he would be arrested.
但到了1983年，被員工們稱作是馬克裏奇公司“黃金時代”的日子戛然而止，當時美國曼哈頓律師魯道夫•朱利安尼(Rudolph Giuliani)向裏奇和格林提起訴訟。兩人離開美國逃往瑞士。裏奇躲開了美國特工們的追捕，但他自己也付出了巨大代價：例如，1996年當他的女兒因癌症而奄奄一息時，他極不情願地決定不去美國醫院看望女兒，因爲擔心會遭逮捕。Rich never returned to the US, even after his pardon, and continued to point out until his death that his Swiss company’s business with Iran was legal under Swiss law. He told his biographer he was an “easy target, one individual, very successful, making a lot of money, and Jewish” and he had not returned to defend himself after 1983, because he was afraid he would not get a fair trial.
裏奇再也沒有回到過美國，即使在得到了赦免之後。他生前曾不斷地指出，自己在瑞士成立的公司與伊朗之間的商業往來符合瑞士法律。他對自己的傳記作家表示，自己“很容易成爲靶子，作爲個體，非常成功，賺了大把鈔票，而且還是猶太人”。在1983年以後，裏奇也從未回到美國爲自己辯護，因爲他擔心自己不會得到一場公正的審判。Latterly, Rich had devoted an increasing amount of time and money to philanthropy. His family company’s website says four foundations he established have donated more than $150m to various causes over the past two decades. Israel, repaying his long association in business and charitable ventures, granted him a series of honours and he is expected to be buried in Tel Aviv tomorrow.
近些年來，裏奇投入了越來越多的時間和金錢用於慈善事業。來自他的家族企業網站的信息顯示，他所創立的四個基金會在過去二十年中向多個項目捐款超過1.5億元。以色列爲了回報他長期以來的商業往來以及慈善事業，授予了他一連串榮譽稱號。裏奇將在以色列的特拉維夫(Tel Aviv)下葬。In a later interview in 2011 with the Swiss weekly Die Weltwoche, Rich described himself as a success in business – Forbes reported his net worth in 2012 as $2.5bn – but a failure in his private life, having divorced twice.
裏奇在2011年接受瑞士《國際週報》(Die Weltwoche)採訪時表示，自己在商業上是一名成功人士——據《福布斯》(Forbes)雜誌報導，2012年裏奇的資產淨值爲25億美元——但在私人生活上則是一個失敗者，曾經兩次離婚。He is survived by his daughters, Ilona Schachter-Rich and Danielle Kilstock Rich.
他還有兩個女兒伊諾娜•沙赫特-裏奇(Ilona Schachter-Rich)和丹妮爾•基爾斯托克•裏奇(Danielle Kilstock Rich)在世。Although he had renounced his US citizenship, at the time of his death Rich held Belgian, Israeli and Spanish passports – symbols of his contradictory, controversial, multinational career. His official biography concludes, simply: “Marc Rich excels as a skier and patron of the arts”. The reality was far more complex.
裏奇曾經聲明放棄自己的美國公民身份，在去世之時他擁有比利時、以色列以及西班牙三國護照——這是他充滿矛盾和爭議、橫跨多個國家的職業生涯的縮影。他的官方傳記的結尾非常簡單：“馬克•裏奇是一位出色的滑雪者以及藝術贊助人。”但現實的複雜程度遠甚於此。Additional reporting by John Aglionby and James Shotter
約翰•阿格里昂比(John Aglionby)和詹姆斯•肖特(James Shotter)補充報道
