美貿易組織要求政府施壓中國網絡安全新規

HONG KONG — United States trade groups gave the Chinese government an earful last week about new policies that could hamper the ability of major technology multinationals to do business in China.

香港——上週，美國多家貿易團體聯合向中國政府表達了他們對中國新政策的憤怒之情。這些政策可能會限制科技業大型跨國公司在中國開展業務的能力。

Now, the other shoe has dropped.

如今，另一隻鞋子也掉了下來。

In a letter addressed to key United States officials, including Secretary of State John Kerry, Treasury Secretary Jacob J. Lew and Commerce Secretary Penny Pritzker, 17 trade groups headlined by the United States Chamber of Commerce urged the government to push back against the Chinese policies, according to a copy of the letter viewed Thursday by The New York Times.

在遞交給國務卿約翰·克里(John Kerry)、財政部長雅各布·J·盧(Jacob J. Lew)，以及商務部長彭妮·普利茨克(Penny Pritzker)等美國重要官員的一封信中，由美國商會(United States Chamber of Commerce)牽頭的17家貿易組織敦促美國政府對中國的政策表示抗議。《紐約時報》在週四看到了這封信的副本。

The letter called for the United States government to take “immediate action to work with Chinese officials to reverse an alarming number of troubling, new Chinese government policies impacting the information and communications technology (ICT) sector.”

信中呼籲美國政府“立即採取行動，與中國官員進行磋商，從而扭轉這些將對信息與通訊技術(ICT)行業造成影響的、規模驚人且令人不安的中國政府新政策。”

The frustration felt by American companies shows how they find themselves in the middle of a deepening conflict between China and the United States over online security and technology policy. China cites disclosures from the former National Security Agency contractor Edward J. Snowden as proof of a need to push back against United States technology. Meanwhile, the American government has accused Chinese military personnel of cyberattacks designed to aid domestic companies.

美國企業的不滿之情表明，由於中美兩國在網絡安全和科技政策上的矛盾日益加深，他們覺得自己被壓在了中間。中國宣稱，國家安全局(National Security Agency)前承包商僱員愛德華·J·斯諾登(Edward J. Snowden)揭露的情況證明，有必要抵制美國的技術。與此同時，美國政府指責中國軍方在從事旨在幫助中國本土企業的網絡攻擊。

The trade groups repeated their concerns in a separate letter sent last week to a top-level Chinese Communist Party committee on cybersecurity, and called for an end to Chinese regulations that encourage the use of domestic hardware and software in Chinese companies and government agencies.

這封信表達的擔憂，與這些貿易團體上週遞交給負責網絡安全的中國共產黨的一個高級委員會的另一封信類似。文中還呼籲推動廢止鼓勵中國公司和政府機構使用國產軟硬件的監管規定。

Arguing that the Chinese rules “will have a significant negative impact on U.S. ICT companies’ market opportunities in China,” the letter also said that the policies “raise serious questions regarding China’s international trade commitments and its bilateral commitments to the United States.”

這封信函宣稱，中國的規定“將給美國的ICT企業帶來顯著的負面影響”，並表示，這些政策“對中國的國際貿易承諾，以及它與美國的雙邊承諾，提出了嚴重質疑。”

It added that loss of revenue from being cut off from China would in the long term damage American companies’ ability to spend on critical research and development and could ultimately bleed into other industries.

信中還稱，隔絕在中國市場之外將會給美國企業造成收入損失。長期來看，這將有損於美國企業投入關鍵研發的能力，可能還會最終波及其他行業。

Of particular concern to American companies are new rules that would force tech companies looking to sell into China’s banking industry to submit products to invasive security tests, provide sensitive source code and use local Chinese encryption algorithms. Other potential new rules mandate the storage of data produced by Chinese companies within China and the disclosure of encryption keys to the Chinese government.

美國公司尤其關切的是，新規定會迫使希望進軍中國銀行業的科技企業遞交產品接受深入的安全測試、提供敏感的源代碼並使用中國自己的加密算法。其他一些潛在的新規定則要求存儲由中國境內公司生成的數據，並向中國政府公開加密祕鑰。

Since the letter sent last week to Chinese officials, it has been unclear how the United States government will respond to obvious discontent from trade groups that represent its largest high-tech champions.

自上週向中國官員發出頭一封信後，尚不清楚美國政府將如何應對來自貿易團體的這種明顯的不滿情緒。這些團體代表着美國最大的高科技王牌企業。

One clue came at the bottom of the letter seen by The Times on Thursday. Noted as receiving copies were J. Michael Daniel, the cybersecurity coordinator at the National Security Council; Robert Holleyman, the deputy United States trade representative; and Alex Niejelow, the chief of staff to the United States intellectual property enforcement coordinator.

在時報週四看到的這封信的底部，有一條線索。那裏指明，收信人中還包括美國國家安全委員會(National Security Council)網絡安全協調員J·邁克爾·丹尼爾(J. Michael Daniel)、美國副貿易代表羅伯特·霍利曼(Robert Holleyman)、美國知識產權執法協調員的幕僚長亞歷克斯·尼傑洛(Alex Niejelow)。

The three officials co-wrote a piece published Wednesday on the news website Politico that branded the new Chinese regulations “anticompetitive trade barriers.”

週三，新聞網站“政治人”(Politico)發表了這三名官員合寫的一篇文章，其中將中國新推出的政策定性爲“反競爭的貿易壁壘”。

Listing a series of points of contention between China and the United States on tech policy, the article urges China to reconsider the new rules and to cease cyberattacks. Going even further, it challenges the Chinese-endorsed model of online governance — known as Internet sovereignty — under which countries may censor, monitor and control the Internet within their borders.

文章列出了美中兩國在科技政策方面存在的一系列分歧，敦促中國重新考慮新推出的規定，並停止網絡攻擊。文中還進一步對中國支持的網絡監管模式——即“網絡主權”的概念——提出了質疑。根據這一模式，國家可以在境內審查、監視並控制互聯網。

“The United States will remain steadfast in our defense of Internet freedom and a multi-stakeholder-driven Internet governance model, as well as continue our support for norms of state behavior in cyberspace that facilitate international trade and commerce,” the authors wrote.

“美國將堅定不移地捍衛網絡自由，以及由多方利益相關者共同驅動的網絡監管模式，並將繼續支持促進國際商貿的國家網絡空間行爲規範，”三位作者寫道。

Though the article ultimately calls for cooperation between the United States and China, the numerous disagreements it brings up show how difficult it could be to reach an agreement. That raises the question of whether what is now a war of words could broaden into a war of the trade variety if the two sides cannot reach consensus over governance of the tech industry and the Internet more broadly.

儘管文章在最後呼籲美中兩國展開合作，但它提出的諸多分歧顯示出了雙方達成一致的困難程度。這讓外界懷疑，如果雙方無法在科技業及更大的互聯網監管問題上達成共識，當前的口水戰是否會擴大成一場貿易戰。