"過度旅遊"使熱門城市面臨危機

Amsterdam, Venice, Barcelona, Paris – the poster children for overtourism are well-known. Now, 20 more cities are on alert lest they turn into the future face of the problem, according to a new report from the World Travel & Tourism Council and commercial real estate firm JLL.

阿姆斯特丹、威尼斯、巴塞羅那、巴黎——這些城市都是衆所周知的過度旅遊城市典型。如今，世界旅遊及旅行理事會和商業地產公司仲量聯行的一份新報告稱，還有20多個城市需要提高警惕，否則將在今後面臨同樣的問題。

The report, called "Destination 2030", examines the tourism "readiness" of 50 destinations around the world and groups cities into five types. The "emerging performers" category includes destinations where infrastructure and tourism momentum are growing along with the pressures associated with more tourists. Those cities were Bangkok, Cape Town, Ho Chi Minh City, Istanbul, Jakarta, Mexico City and New Delhi.

這份名爲《2030年旅遊目的地》的報告考察了全球50個旅遊目的地的“接待能力”，並將這些城市分爲五種類型。“新興成員”類型指的是基礎設施和旅遊勢頭在發展，同時伴隨遊客壓力的城市，包括曼谷、開普敦、胡志明市、伊斯坦布爾、雅加達、墨西哥城和新德里。

Another 13 cities – called "mature performers" – were described as having an established tourism infrastructure, strong leisure or business travel, and good positioning to manage current growth levels.

另外13個被稱爲“成熟成員”的城市擁有完善的旅遊基礎設施、表現強勁的休閒或商務旅遊業，以及控制當前增長水平的良好定位。

"But there is a risk of future strains related to visit volume, infrastructure or activity that is testing readiness for additional growth," the report says.

報告稱：“但這些城市未來可能會出現遊客量、基礎設施或活動等方面的壓力，檢驗當地旅遊業在業務增長情況下的接待能力。”

It lists Auckland, Berlin, Dublin, Las Vegas, Lisbon, London, Los Angeles, Madrid, Miami, New York, Seoul, Seville, and Sydney in this category.

報告將奧克蘭、柏林、都柏林、拉斯維加斯、里斯本、倫敦、洛杉磯、馬德里、邁阿密、紐約、首爾、塞維利亞和悉尼歸入“成熟成員”類別。

"Over the past few years … several destinations, and cities in particular, have been criticized in the media for the under-management of travel and tourism and the stresses that visitor numbers have put on urban systems and residents," the report says.

報告指出：“過去幾年來……一些旅遊目的地，特別是某些城市，因對旅遊業管理不善，以及遊客過多給城市系統和居民帶來壓力而受到媒體批評。”

Some of the names most synonymous with crowds fell into the "managing momentum" type: Amsterdam, Barcelona, Paris, Prague, Rome, San Francisco, Stockholm, Toronto and Vancouver.

那些一提到名字就讓人馬上想到熙熙攘攘人羣的城市被歸爲“管理增長點”類型，包括阿姆斯特丹、巴塞羅那、巴黎、布拉格、羅馬、舊金山、斯德哥爾摩、多倫多和溫哥華。

Those are described as having established tourism infrastructure and urban readiness but heavy leisure travel volume "with potential to cause strain on the city".

報告稱，這些城市已經擁有成熟的旅遊基礎設施和遊客接待能力，但大量的休閒遊客“有可能給城市帶來壓力”。

"Those cities are the ones that are going to start focusing less on attracting a whole lot of new visitors," says Lauro Ferroni, LL's global head of hotels and hospitality research.

仲量聯行的全球酒店及好客度研究主管勞羅·菲洛尼說：“這些城市不會再費力吸引大量新遊客。”

Instead, they have to shift their focus to dispersing crowds throughout their city and encouraging visitors to come at off-peak times.

相反，它們應該將精力投入到分散人羣，並鼓勵遊客在淡季來訪。

Cities listed in two other categories were experiencing somewhat less pressure. "Dawning developers", with an emerging tourism infrastructure, were experiencing gradual tourism growth and lower visitor concentration. Those cities – Bogota, Buenos Aires, Cairo, Chengdu, Kuala Lumpur, Lima, Manila, Moscow, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro and Riyadh – still have potential to grow, according to the report.

其他兩類城市面臨的壓力沒有那麼大。旅遊基礎設施正在建設中的“朝陽開發者”類型城市旅遊業逐漸增長，遊客集中度較低。報告稱，這些城市包括波哥大、布宜諾斯艾利斯、開羅、成都、吉隆坡、利馬、馬尼拉、莫斯科、孟買、里約熱內盧和利雅德，仍有增長潛力。

The "dawning" and "emerging" cities generally have a less advanced approach to tourism policy, without official positions on regulating home-sharing or specific mentions of tourism in economic plans.

“朝陽開發者”和“新興成員”類型的城市旅遊政策通常不那麼先進，沒有在管理共享民宿問題上的官方立場，也沒有在經濟計劃中具體提到旅遊業。

"Those are areas we would encourage them to focus on as they become increasingly popular," Ferroni says.

菲洛尼說：“隨着這些城市越來越受歡迎，需要鼓勵其關注旅遊業。”

The "balanced dynamics" category includes cities with an established infrastructure for visitors, a larger-than-average share of business travelers and room to grow comfortably. They are Beijing, Chicago, Dubai, Hong Kong, Munich, Osaka, Shanghai, Singapore, Tokyo and Washington.

“均衡發展”類別的城市擁有成熟的旅遊基礎設施、商務旅行者比例高於平均水平、也有充裕的增長空間。這些城市包括北京、芝加哥、迪拜、香港、慕尼黑、大阪、上海、新加坡市、東京和華盛頓。

The World Tourism Organisation, an agency of the United Nations, said that last year, there were 1.4 billion international tourist arrivals around the world. That total represented a 6 percent increase over the previous year, and arrivals were expected to grow another 3 percent to 4 percent this year.

聯合國下屬機構世界旅遊組織稱，2018年全球國際遊客多達14億人次，比2017年增加了6%，預計2019年國際遊客人次將再增長3%至4%。

Last year, a European Union report identified 105 destinations in some state of overtourism. And Responsible Travel, a UK-based travel company, put together an overtourism map that includes 98 destinations across 63 countries.

去年，歐盟的一份報告指出，有105個旅遊目的地處於某種過度旅遊狀態。總部位於英國的旅遊公司責任旅遊整理了一份過度旅遊地圖，包括63個國家的98個目的地。

Justin Francis, CEO and co-founder of Responsible Travel, says overtourism has only recently become an issue as travel numbers continue to rise.

該公司創始人之一、首席執行官賈斯汀·弗朗西斯說，由於遊客人數持續增加，過度旅遊最近才成爲一個問題。

"Very few destinations even have tourism planning, let alone have figured out how to solve the problem," he says. "I think it's a crisis."

他說：“很少有旅遊目的地有旅遊規劃，更不用說找到解決問題的辦法了。我認爲這是一場危機。”