培根經典隨筆雙語閱讀
弗朗西斯·培根是英國文藝復興時期最重要的散文家、哲學家。他不但在文學、哲學上多有建樹，在自然科學領域裏，也取得了重大成就。他的第一部重要著作《隨筆》最初發表於1597年，以後又逐年增補。該書文筆言簡意賅、智睿奪目，它包含許多洞察秋毫的經驗之談，其中不僅論及政治而且還探討許多人生哲理。下面本站小編爲大家帶來培根經典隨筆雙語閱讀，希望大家喜歡!
培根經典隨筆雙語閱讀：論殖民地
Plantations are amongst ancient, primitive, and heroical works. When the world was young, it begat more children; but now it is old, it begets fewer: for I may jusuy account new plantations, to be the children of former kingdoms. I like a plantation in a pure soil; that is, where people are not displanted, to the end to plant in others.
殖民地是古昔的，初民的，英雄的工作之一。當世界還在年少的時候，它生了許多的子女;但是它現在老了，所生的子女也就少了，因爲我不妨說新的殖民地乃是舊有的國家底子女也。我以爲一個殖民地最好是在一片處女地上;那就是說，在那個地方殖起民來，無須乎因爲要培植新者因而拔除舊者。
For else, it is rather an extirpation, then a plantation. Planting of countries, is like planting of woeds; for you must make account, to lose almost twenty years' profit, and expect your recompense in the end. For the principal thing, that hath been the destruction of most plantations, hath been the base and hasty drawing of profit, in the first years. It is true, speedy profit is not to be neglected, as far as may stand with the good of the plantation, but no further. It is a shameful and unblessed thing, to take the scum of people, and wicked condemned men, to be the people with whom you plant: and not only so, but it spoileth the plantation; for they will ever live like rogues, and not fall to work, but be la2y, and do mischief, and spend victuals, and be quickly weary, and then certify over to their country, to the discredit of the plantation.
因爲否則不算是殖民，倒成了滅民了。培植一個新國家有如造林：必須先打算好了預備折本二十年，到末了再獲利。大多數的殖民地之所以毀滅，其主要的原因就是在殖民事業之初年底卑污而且欲速的取利。當然，如果迅速的利潤能與殖民地底利益相符，那自然是不可忽視的，但應以此爲限，不可多求。把本國人中的廢物敗類，以及作奸犯科之徒蒐集起來作爲移殖新土的人民乃是一件可恥而不祥的事;不但如此，這種辦法還會破壞殖民地的;因爲這些人將永遠過其敗類底生活，不務正業而遊惰作亂，消耗食糧，並且很快地就生厭倦，於是就會給故土寫信敗壞殖民地底名譽。
The people wherewith you plant, ought to be gardeners, ploughmen, labourers, smiths, carpenters, joiners, fishermen, fowlers, with some few apothecaries, surgeons, cooks, and bakers. In a country of plantation, first look about, what kind of victual the country yields of itself, to hand: as chestnuts, walnuts, pineapples, olives, dates, plums, cherries, wild honey, and the like: and make use of them. Then consider, what victual or esculent things there are, which grow speedily, and within the year, as parsnips, carrots, turnips, onions, radish, artichokes of Jerusalem, maize and the like. For wheat, barley and oats, they ask too much labour: but with peas and beans, you may begin; both because they ask less labour, and because they serve for meat, as well as for bread. And of rice likewise cometh a great increase, and it is a kind of meat Above all, there ought to be brought store of biscuit, oat-meal, flower, meal, and the like, in the beginning, till bread may be had.
用作移民的人民當是園丁、耕者、工人、鐵匠、木匠、細木匠、漁夫、獵鳥者，以及少數的藥劑師、外科醫生、廚師、麪包師。在欲殖民的國土中，第一先要各處考察，看那個地方天然野生的有何食物，如栗子、胡桃、波羅蜜、橄欖、棗、李、櫻桃、野蜂蜜之類，並且利用這些東西。然後再看那個地方有什麼食物可以迅速生長，在一年以內可以成熟者，如防風草、胡蘿蔔、蕪菁、洋蔥、萊菔、菊芋、玉蜀黍等等是也。至於小麥、大麥、燕麥、它們需要的勞力太多;但是你卻不妨先種點豌豆，大豆，一則因爲它們所需的勞力較少，再則因爲它們既可以制面包，也可以當菜吃。類此，稻米底收穫是很大的，並且它也是一種的菜。尤要者，應當在殖民之始帶多量的餅乾、燕麥粉、麪粉等等到殖民地去，直到能得到麪包爲止。
For beasts, or birds, take chiefly such as are least subject to diseases, and multiply fastest: as swine, goats, cocks, hens, turkeys, geese, house-doves, and the like. The victual in plantations ought to be expended, almost as in a besieged town; that is, with certain allowance. And let the main part of the ground employed to gardens or corn, be to a common stock; and to be laid in, and stored up, and then delivered out in proportion; besides some spots of ground, that any particular person will manure, for his own private.
至於家畜家禽之類，主要地應當帶那些不易生病而蕃殖最速的去;如豬、山羊、雄雞、雌雞，火雞、鵝、家鴿以及這一類的生物是也。殖民地底食物之消耗，應當和一個被圍的城裏一樣;就是說，每人應有規定的消耗量。那作爲園圃或麥田的土地，其最大的部分應當爲輸入公倉之用;所收的農產物應當先儲藏在這些公倉裏，然後按固定的數量分配：此外卻還應當有些田地，可以讓任何私人爲自己而耕種。
Consider likewise, what commodities the soil, where the plantation is, doth naturally yield, that they may some way help to defray the charge of the plantation: so it be not, as was said, to the untimely prejudice of the main business; as it hath fared with tobacco in Virginia. Wood commonly aboundeth but too much; and therefore, timber is fit to be one. If there be iron ore, and streams whereupon to set the mills; iron is a brave commodity, where wood aboundeth. Making a bay salt, if the climate be proper for it, would be put in experience. Growing silk likewise, if any be, is a likely commodity. Pitch and tar, where store of firs and pines are, will not fail. So drugs, and sweet woods, where they are, cannot but yield great profit Soap ashes likewise, and other things that may be thought of. But moil not too much under ground: for the hope of mines is very uncertain, and useth to make the planters lazy in other things. For government let it be in the hands of one, assisted with some counsel: and let them have commission to exercise martial laws, with some limitation.
同樣，也應當留心殖民地底土壤適於出產何種物品，好讓這些物品可以在某方面稍爲減輕殖民地底擔負(只要，如以上所說，不因爲時機未熟的緣故而爲害於首要的事業就行了)，如委吉尼亞底菸葉是也。在許多地方森林是隻會多而不會少的，因此木材也可算是上述的物產之一。如果有鐵礦底礦苗，並且還有河流，可以令人在河邊上設起磨來的話，那末在森林多的地方鐵就是一種可貴的產物了。在氣候適宜的地方，煮鹽是應當試辦的。類此，薴麻之屬，如果有之，也是一種可貴的物品。在富有鬆杉的地方，瀝青和焦油是不會缺乏的。同樣地，藥材，香木這一類的東西，只要出得多，一定是可獲大利的。可用做肥皂的鹼灰，以及其他可以發現的物品，也都是可以借之得利的。但是不可過於注重礦產;因爲關於礦產的希望是很不可靠的，而且常使移民在別的方面成爲懶惰。至於統治之事，最好使一人掌權，而由若干議事官輔佐之：並且最好讓他們有施行有限度的戒嚴法令之權。
And above all, let men make that profit of being in the wilderness, as they have God always, and his service before their eyes. Let not the government of the plantation depend upon too many counsellors, and undertakers, in the country that planteth, but upon a temperate number, and let those be rather noblemen, and gentlemen, than merchants: for they look ever to the present gain. Let there be freedoms from custom, till the plantation be of strength: and not only freedom from custom, but freedom to carry their commodities, where they may make their best of them, except there be some special cause of caution. Cram not in people, by sending too fast company after company; but rather hearken how they waste, and send supplies proportionably; but so, as the number may live well in the plantation, and not by surcharge be in penury. It hath been a great endangering to the health of some plantations, that they have built along the sea, and rivers, in marsh and unwholesome grounds.
尤要者，讓人們受益於居於荒野的心理，而心目中永遠保持着敬上帝和爲上帝服務的觀念。殖民地底政府不可依靠過多的居留在母國的議事官和司長，委員之流，這些人底人數應該適中纔好;而且這些人頂好是貴族，紳士，而不是商人，因爲商人總是重目前之利的。直至殖民地根深蒂固以前，最好不要以關稅來束縛它;不但要不受關稅底束縛，還要使殖民地底人有把他們底物產運到可以獲利最豐的地方去底自由——除非是有特殊理由應當防止這種情形。不要太快地一批又一批地送移民到殖民地去，以致有人滿之患。反之，應該留意殖民地底人口之減少而按比例補充之;但是務要使殖民地底人可以安居樂業，而不可使他們因爲人數過多而陷於貧乏。有些殖民地，因爲建築在海濱河岸，沮洳不良之地的原故，其居民底健康曾大受危害。
Therefore, though you begin there, to avoid carriage, and other like discommodities, yet build still rather upwards, from the streams, than along. It concerneth likewise the health of the plantation, that they have good store of salt with them, that they may use it in their victuals, when it shall be necessary. If you plant, where savages are, do not only entertain them with trifles, and gingles; but use them justly, and graciously, with sufficient guard nevertheless: and do not win their favour, by helping them to invade their enemies, but for their defence it is not amiss: and send oft of them, over to the country that plants, that they may see a better condition then their own, and commend it when they return.
因此，雖然在起初你無妨在上述的那種地方建築，以避運輸上及其他的不便，但是此後爲長久計，應當往河岸之上的高處建築，而不可沿河建築。殖民地的人並且還應當存儲多量的食鹽以便於必要時醃藏食物，毋使腐敗，這也是與他們底健康有關的。如果你在有野蠻人的地方殖民，不要僅僅以不值錢的零碎物件或玩具得他們底歡心，應當以公道與恩惠待他們，而同時妥爲防備;也不可幫助他們攻襲他們底敵人以取悅於他們，惟在他們受敵人攻擊的時候幫他們自衛，那是不錯的：此外還應當常常在他們之中選派若干送到殖民底本國去觀光，好讓他們可以看見比他們自己底生活情形好的生活情形，並且在回來的時候稱揚這種情形。
When the plantation grows to strength, then it is time to plant with women, as well as with men; that the plantation may spread into generations, and not be ever pieced from without. It is the sinfullest thing in the world, to forsake or destitute a plantation, once in forwardness: for besides the dishonour, it is the guiltiness of blood of many commiserable persons.
殖民地底力量增強之後，就可以不但移殖男子，婦女也可以去了;這樣那殖民地就可以世代蕃衍下去而不至於永遠由外面補充了。在一個殖民地已經有進展的時候而棄絕之乃是世界上最大的罪惡，因爲這不僅是一種恥辱，而且是一種殘殺了許多可憐人的殺人罪也。
培根經典隨筆雙語閱讀：論邦國底真正偉大之處
The speech of Themistocles the Athenian, which was haughty and arrogant, in taking so much to himself, had been a grave and wise observation and censure, applied at large to others. Desired at a feast to touch a lute, he said; He could not fiddle, but yet he could make a small town, a great city. These words (holpen a little with a metaphor) may express two differing abilities, in those mat deal in business of estate. For if a true survey be taken, of counsellors and statesmen, there may be found (though rarely) those which can make a small state great and yet cannot fiddle: as on the other side, there will be found a great many, that can fiddle very cunningly, but yet are so far from being able to make a small state great as their gift lieth the other way; to bring a great and flourishing estate to ruin and decay. And certainly, those degenerate arts and shifts, whereby many counsellor and governors gain both favour with their masters, and estimation with the vulgar, deserve no better name then fiddling; being things rather pleasing for the time, and graceful to themselves only, than tending to the weal and advancement of the state which they serve.
雅典人塞密斯陶克立斯在某次宴會上有人想請他彈琵琶。他說他不會弄琴可是會把一個小城弄成一座大邦。這句話因爲過於歸功自己，所以是驕傲不遜;但是如果一般地用在別人身上，則可算是很莊肅賢明的評論。這句話(再用譬喻底說法引申一下)就可以把從事國政者之中兩種不同的才能表現出來。因爲，如果把議事和執政的各官真正地觀察一下，其中也許可以發見(雖然這是很稀有的)幾個能使小國變爲大邦，而不能弄琴的人;同時，在另一方面，卻可以發現許多巧於弄琴可是不但不能使小國變爲大邦，而且是有相反的天才的人，他們是能把一個偉大而興盛的國家帶到衰敗凋零的地步的。並且，那些墮落的技巧智能，許多公卿大夫借之以邀寵於主上釣名於流俗者，確是除了“弄琴”之名，不值得更好的名稱的：因爲這些技巧智能不過是一時歡樂之資，在會者本人雖可藉以炫耀，而於他們所事的國家之幸福與進步，則無所裨益也。
There are also (no doubt) counsellor and governors, which may be held sufficient (negotus pares), able to manage affairs, and to keep them from precipices and manifest inconveniences; which nevertheless, are far from the ability to raise and amplify an estate, in power, means, and fortune. But be the workmen what they may be, let us speak of the work; that is, the true greatness of kingdoms and estates; and the means thereof. An argument, fit for great and mighty princes to have in their hand; to the end, that neither by over-measuring their forces, they lose themselves in vain enterprises; nor on the other side, by undervaluing them, they descend to fearful and pusillanimous counsels.
當然，也有些公卿大夫夠得上一個“能”字的(即所謂“幹才”)。他們能夠調理國政，不使陷於危難和明顯的困境，可是若要把國家在力量，財富，國運上都增強長大，則他們斷斷無此能力。現在我們不管做事的人怎麼樣，且一談事務底本身;就是，國家底真正偉大之處以及達到這種情形的方法。這是一個值得雄王英主常常考慮的題目;爲的是他們既可以不至於因爲過於相信自己底力量而多事妄爲，虛耗實力;又可以不至於因爲過於卑視自己底力量而屈尊以從怯懦畏葸的計議也。
The greatness of an estate in bulk and territory doth fall under measure; and the greatness of finances and revenue doth fall under computation. The population may appear by musters: and the number and greatness of cities and towns, by cards and maps. But yet there is not anything amongst civil affairs more subject to error, than the right valuation, and true judgement,
concerning the power and forces of an estate.
一個國家底疆土之大小是可以測量的;其財賦收入之多少是可以計算的。它底人口可由戶口冊卷而得見，城鎮之多少及大小則可由圖表而知之。然而在人事中沒有比關於一國底力量的真正估計推斷更爲易於錯誤的。
The kingdom of Heaven is compared, not to any great kernel or nut, but to a grain of mustard-seed; which is one of the least grains, but hath in it a property and spirit, hastily to get up and spread. So are there states, great in territory, and yet not apt to enlarge, or command; and some, that have but a small dimension of stem, and yet apt to be the foundations of great monarchies.
基督把天國不譬做任何巨大的果核或種子而譬做一粒芥子;即是一種最小的種子，但是卻有一種迅速發芽及長大底特性與精神。類此，有些國家底疆土很大，可是不能伸張國力或領袖他國;又有些國家幅員很小，有如一種軀幹微小的植物，然而卻能爲強大的帝國之基礎
Walled towns, stored arsenals and armouries, goodly races of horse, chariots of war, elephants, ordnance, artillery, and the like: all this is but a sheep in a lion's skin, except the breed and disposition of the people be stout and warlike. Nay, number (itself) in armies, importeth not much, where the people is of weak courage: for (as Virgil saith) It never troubles a wolf how many the sheep be. The army of the Persians in the plains of Arbela was such a vast sea of people, as it did somewhat astonish the commanders in Alexander's army; who came to him therefore, and wished him to set upon them by night; but he answered, he would not pilfer the victory.
堅城、武庫、名馬、戰車、巨象、大炮等等不過是披着獅子皮的綿羊，除非人民底體質和精神是堅強好戰的。不特如此，若是民無勇氣，則兵士數目之多是無關緊要的，委吉爾所謂“一隻狼從不介意有多少隻羊”者即指此也。在阿比拉(Arbela)平原中的波斯軍有如一片人海，竟使亞歷山大軍中的將領不免驚惶;因此他們來到亞歷山大面前，並建議在夜間進攻;但是他說：“我不願偷取勝利”。
And the defeat was easy. When Tigranes the Armenian, being encamped upon a hill, with four hundred thousand men, discovered the army of the Romans being not above fourteen thousand marching towards him, he made himself merry with it, and said; Yonder men are too many for an ambassage and too few for a fight. But before the sun set, he found them enough to give him the chase, with infinite slaughter. Many are the examples, of the great odds between number and courage: so that a man may truly make a judgement, that the principal point of greatness in any state is to have a race of military men. Neither is money the sinews of war (as it is trivially said), where the sinews of men's arms, in base and effeminate people, are failing. For Solon said well to Croesus (when in ostentation he showed him his gold), Sir, if any other come that hath better iron than you he will be master of all this gold. Therefore let any prince or state think soberly of his forces, except his militia of natives be of good and valiant soldiers.
結果是容容易易地打敗了敵人。阿米尼亞王蒂格拉奈斯率四十萬大軍駐於一座山頭，當他看見那不過一萬四千的羅馬軍向他進攻的時候，他就說笑話道：“那些人若是使節則太多，若爲戰鬥而來則太少了”。但是，那天底太陽落之前，他已經發現這些人很夠追逐他並大戮他底軍隊了。關於數目不敵勇氣的例子是很多的：因此我們不妨斷言，任何國家若要偉大，其主要之點，就在要有一個善戰的民族。“金錢是戰爭底筋肉”，這是句平常的老套，然而是人民卑污淫靡，其兩臂底筋肉無力，則金錢也不能算是戰爭底筋肉了。因爲索倫對克瑞薩斯(當克瑞薩斯爲了炫示他底富有起見把他底藏金給索倫看的時候)所說的話是說得很好的。“陛下，若是另一人前來，他底勝於陛下底鐵，那末他就要變成這些金子底主人了”。所以任何君王或國家，除非自己底國民組成的軍隊是優良驍勇的話，最好不要對自己底力量估價過高。
And let princes, on the other side, that have subjects of martial disposition, know their own strength; unless they be otherwise wanting unto themselves. As for mercenary forces (which is the help in this case), all examples show; that, whatsoever estate or prince doth rest upon them, he may spread his feathers for a time but he will mew them soon after.
在另一方面，那些有強悍好戰的臣民的君王則應當知道自己力量——除非這些臣民在別的方面是有缺陷的。至於用金錢募集的客軍(那就是自己底臣民不可靠的時候的助力)，所有的先例都證明任何倚仗客軍的政府或君主雖然可以得意一時，如鳥之張翼，然而不久將不免於鎩羽也。
The blessing of Judah and Issachar will never meet; that the same people or nation, should be both the lion's whelp and the ass between burthens: neither will it be, that a people over-laid with taxes should ever become valiant, and martial. It is true, that taxes levied by consent of the estate, do abate men's courage less; as it hath been seen notably, in the excises of the Low Countries; and in some degree, in the subsidies of England. For you must note, that we speak now of the heart, and not of the purse. So that, although the same tribute and tax laid by
consent, or by imposing, be all one to the purse, yet it works diversely upon the courage. So that you may conclude; that no people over-charged with tribute is fit for states that aim at greatness, take heed how their nobility and gentlemen do multiply too fast. For that maketh the common subject grow to be a peasant, and base swain, driven out of heart, and in effect but the gentleman's labourer.
猶大和以薩迦底命運是永不會相合的，同一個民族或國家不會既是幼獅而又是負重的驢子一樣;再者，一個困於租稅的民族而要變爲武勇好戰，這也是不可能的。經國民同意而徵收的租稅比僅由掌權者片面徵收的租稅，減人勇氣較少;荷蘭底國稅就是一個很明顯的例子;在某種程度上，英國底特稅也可算是一個例子。讀者必須注意我們現在所論的是心膽的問題而不是錢包的問題。一樣的賦稅，不論是經國民同意與否，對於錢包的作用是同一的，但是對於人民底勇氣，其作用可就不同了。因此你可以斷定，凡是困於租稅的人民是不適於建立帝國的。凡是志欲強大的國家應當小心，不可使國內的貴族和紳士階級繁殖過速。因爲這種情形將使平民變爲農奴村夫，使他們意志沮喪，實際上成爲上流階級底奴僕而已。
Even as you may see in coppice woods; if you leave your staddles too thick, you shall never have clean underwood, but shrubs and bushes. So in countries, if the gentlemen be too many, the commons will be base; and you will bring it to that, that not the hundred poll will be fit for an helmet: especially as to the infantry, which is the nerve of an army: and so there will be
great population, and little strength. This, which I speak of, hath been nowhere better seen, then by comparing of England and France; whereof England, though far less in territory and population, hath been (nevertheless) an overmatch; in regard, the middle people of England make good soldiers, which the peasants of France do not And herein, the device of King Henry the Seventh, (whereof I have spoken largely in the history of his life) was profound, and admirable; in making farms, and houses of husbandry, of a standard; that is, maintained with such a proportion of land unto mem, as may breed a subject to live in convenient plenty, and no servile condition; and to keep the plough in the hands of the owners, and not mere hirelings.
這就好象你在叢林中可以見到的情形一樣;假如你把小樹留得過密，那末你就永不會有清清楚楚的叢林，而只能有矮樹野藪。類此，在國家之內，如果上流階級人數過多，則平民必降爲卑下，其結果將至於一百個頭顱沒有一個配戴盔的;尤其對於那爲軍隊之神經系統的步兵爲然;如此的國家將有很大的人口而很小的力量了。我所談的這一點，若要找個例子來證明它，那末最好是把英國和法國比較一下：兩國之中，雖然英國在疆土和人口方面都不及法國，然而和法國敵對起來，卻居然不止是個敵手;這就因爲英國底一般民衆能成爲優良的兵士，而法國底鄉農則不能也。在這一點上英王亨利第七底法度(關於這個法度曾在拙著《亨利第七本紀》中詳言之)真是用意深遠，值得欽佩的。他把田莊農舍都規劃齊一了。所謂規劃齊一者，就是依他底規定，凡是田莊農舍必須要受一定限度的田地底維持，這限度就在要使那田莊農舍裏的人能以生活裕如不至淪入賤役;他這種制度又使耕田的人就是田底主人而非僅僅是僱傭之徒。
And thus indeed, you shall attain to Virgil's character, which he gives to ancient Italy: terra potens arrnis atque ubere glebae. Neither is that state (which for anything I know, is almost peculiar to England and hardly to be found anywhere else, except it be perhaps in Poland) to be passed over; I mean die state of free servants and attendants upon noblemen and gentlemen; which are no ways inferior unto the yeomanry for arms.
這樣就可以達到委吉爾所形容的古意大利底性質了：一個兵強土肥因而偉大的國家。還有一種情形(這種情形據我所知幾乎是英國特有的，除了或者在波蘭以外，別處恐怕是遇不到的)也是不可忽略的：就是服侍貴族和紳士的都是自由人;而這些人在武事上毫不劣於中產的平民。
And therefore, out of all question, the splendour, and magnificence, and great retinues, and hospitality of noblemen and gentlemen received into custom, doth much conduce unto martial greatness. Whereas, contrariwise, the close and reserved living of noblemen and gentlemen causeth a penury of military forces.
因此，貴族和上流人士底生活中那種種的榮華豪氣，賓客之盛，禮儀之隆，一旦成爲風習之後，的確都是很能引人到武功底偉大上去的。反之，貴族與上流人士底生活若是吝嗇隱祕，則將使國內底武力大爲削弱。
By all means, it is to be procured, that the trunk of Nebuchadnezzar's tree of monarchy be great enough to bear the branches, and the boughs; that is, that the natural subjects of the crown or state bear a sufficient proportion to the stronger subjects that they govern. Therefore all states, that are liberal of naturalisation towards strangers, are fit for empire. For to think that an handful of people can, with the greatest courage and policy in the world, embrace too large extent of dominion, it may hold for a time, but it will fail suddenly. The Spartans were a nice people, in point of naturalisation; whereby, while they kept their compass, they stood firm; but when they did spread, and their boughs were becoming too great for their stem, they became a windfall upon the sudden. Never any state was, in this point, so open to receive strangers into their body, as were the Romans.
無論用何種方法，務須使尼布甲尼撒夢中所見的王國底軀幹強大到能夠支持枝葉的程度;這句話底意思就是，皇帝或政府底本族臣民同他們統屬治理的異族人民比起來，其多寡須有正當的比例。因此，所有那些使異族人容易入籍歸化的國家都是適於成爲帝國的。若以爲小小的民族，因其智勇絕倫，竟足以征服並保有過大的國度，這種事短時間是可能的，但是這樣的國度不久將會突然滅亡的。斯巴達人對於入籍一事過於嚴密;因此，當他們守着自己底小小的國境的時候，他們底地位是很鞏固的;但是到了他們底國境擴張，枝葉變得爲軀幹所不能支持的時候，他們就突然覆亡，如風吹果落一樣。在入籍的這一點上，從來沒有一國如羅馬之易於容納異族者。
Therefore it sorted with them accordingly; for they grew to the greatest monarchy. Their manner was, to grant naturalisation (which they called ins civitatis), and to grant it in the highest degree; that is, not only ins conmercci, ius connubii, ius heredHatis; but also, ius suffragii, and ius honorum. And this, not to singular persons alone, but likewise to whole families; yea to cities, and sometimes to nations. Add to this, their custom of plantation of colonies; whereby the Roman plant was removed into the soil of other nations. And putting both constitutions together, you will say, that it was not the Roman that spread upon the world; but it was the world that spread upon the Romans: and that was the sure way of greatness. I have marvelled sometimes at Spain, how they clasp and contain so large dominions, with so few natural Spaniards: but sure, the whole compass of Spain is a very great body of a tree; far above Rome and Sparta at the first And besides, though they have not had that usage, to naturalise liberally; yet they have that, which is next to it; that is, to employ almost indifferently all nations in their militia of ordinary soldiers: yea, and sometimes in their highest commands. Nay, it seemeth at this instant, they are sensible of this want of natives; as by the Pragmatical Sanction, now published, appeareth.
因此羅馬人底結局也因之而很好;因爲他們成了世界上最偉大的帝國。羅馬人底辦法是不僅把國籍權(他們叫做市民權)給予願入籍的人而且是把這種權益極爲充分地給予他：這就是說，他們不但把交易權，婚娶權和承繼權給予願入籍的人而且還把選舉權和任官權給予這種人。並且這種的授權其受者不限於個人，一個家族也可以受這些權利;不但如此，一城的人，有時一國的人也可如此得享羅馬公民底權利。此外再加上羅馬人移民殖民底習慣，由於種習慣羅馬這個植物就由本土而移植到異鄉底土壤中了。把這兩種制度加在一起，你儘可以說並不是羅馬人發展到全世界去，而全世界發展到羅馬來了;而這種情形確是大國之道。我曾對西班牙感覺驚異，就是道地的西班牙人如此之少，而何以他們能夠佔據並統轄這麼大的屬地呢?但是西班牙本國底疆土的確是一棵大樹，較之羅馬和斯巴達初起的時候，優勝得多了。並且，雖然他們沒有容易準人入籍的慣例，可是他們有僅次於這個慣例的辦法;就是，在他們底普通兵士組成的軍隊中所用的人是差不多毫無本國人與異族底分別的;不但如此，有時在他們底最高將領中也有異族人。又，就西王腓力普所頒的特詔看來，他們現在對於本國人口不足的這種情形似乎是很感覺到的。
It is certain, that sedentary and within-door arts, and delicate manufactures (that require rather the finger than the arm) have, in their nature, a contrariety to a military disposition. And generally, all warlike people are a little idle; and love danger better then travail: neither must they be too much broken of it, if they shall be preserved in vigour. 坐着作的，戶內的技藝，以及精密的製造(需用手指之巧而不需用臂力之強者)在本性中就與好戰的心理不合，這是無疑的。一般言之，所有好戰的民族都有點遊蕩，愛危險甚於愛勞作。如果我們要他們仍舊保持那種武勇的精神，那我們就不可過於禁制或改移他們底好尚。
Therefore, it was great advantage, in the ancient states of Sparta, Athens, Rome and others, that they had the use of slaves which commonly did rid those manufactures.
因此，古代的斯巴達、雅典、羅馬，以及其他的國家都蓄養奴隸，讓他們擔任那些勞作，這是他們那些國家底一個大便宜。
But that is abolished, in greatest part, by the Christian law. That which cometh nearest to it, is to leave those arts chiefly to strangers (which for that purpose are the more easily to be received), and to contain the principal bulk of the vulgar natives, within those three kinds; tillers of the ground; free servants; and handy-craftsmen of strong and manly arts, as smiths, masons, carpenters, etc.; not reckoning professed soldiers.
但是蓄奴之制已由____底教律而大部廢除了。最和蓄奴制相近的辦法就是把那些技藝大部留給異族人去做(異族人爲了這個原故也易在所在國裏容身)而把本國人中一般民衆底大多數限於三種工作或職業——耕者，自由的僕役;從事強力健壯的工作的工匠，如鐵匠、泥匠、木匠等等：正式的軍人還不算在內
But above all, for empire and greatness, it importeth most; that a nation do profess arms, as their principal honour, study, and occupation. For the things, which we formerly have spoken of, are but habitations towards arms: and what is habilitation without intention and act? Romulus, after his death (as they report, or feign) sent a present to the Romans; that, above all, they should intend arms; and then, they should prove the greatest empire of the world. The fabric of the state of Sparta was wholly (though not wisely) framed, and composed, to that scope and end. The Persians and Macedonians had it for a flash. The Gauls, Germans, Goths, Saxons, Normans and others, had it for a time. The Turks have it, at this day, though in great declination.
但是，最要者，若欲國家強大，威權伸張，則一國之人務須把軍事認爲舉國唯一的榮譽、學問和職業。因爲我以上所說的那些事不過是軍事底準備而已;但是若沒有目的和行動，則準備又有何用?羅繆剌斯死後(這是人家傳說或寓言的)給羅馬人送來了一個忠告，教他們最要留心武事;若果他們這樣做，他們將成爲世界上最大的帝國。斯巴達底國家結構是全然(雖然不甚巧妙地)以武事爲目的準則而建造組織成的。波斯人與馬其頓人在很短的一瞬間有過這樣舉國皆兵的情形。高爾人、日耳曼人、戈斯人、薩克遜人、諾曼人和其他的民族在某一時代都有過這樣的情形。土耳其人在如今還是這樣的情形，雖然已經大爲衰頹了。
Of Christian Europe, they that have it, are, in effect, only the Spaniards. But it is so plain, that every man profiteth in that he most intendeth, that it needeth not to be stood upon. It is enough to point at it; that no nation, which doth not directly profess arms, may look to have greatness fall into their mouths. And, on the other side, it is a most certain oracle of time; that those states, that continue long in that profession (as the Romans and Turks principally have done) do wonders. And those that have professed arms but for an age, have notwithstanding commonly attained that greatness in that age, which maintained them long after, when their profession and exercise of arms hath grown to decay.
在歐洲的____國中，有這種情形的國家實際只有西班牙一國。但是無論何人，其所最得力者就是平日所最致力者，這個道理太明顯了，不必多說，我們只有略加指點就行了：就是，不乾脆尚武的國家是不必希望會突然變爲強大的。在相反的一方面，那些長期尚武的國家(如羅馬人和土耳其人之所爲)將成大業立奇功，這是歷史底最可靠的教訓。那些僅僅在某一時期曾經尚武的國家卻也曾多半變爲強大，而這種強大的情形，是到了後來他們對武事的崇尚與運用已經衰頹的時候，仍然爲他們底支持物的。
Incident to this point is; for a state, to have those laws or customs, which may reach forth unto them just occasions (as may be pretended) of war. For there is that justice imprinted in the nature of men, that they enter not upon wars (whereof so many calamities do ensue) but upon some, at the least specious, grounds and quarrels.
同這一點相連的還有一點，就是，一個國家頂好有一些法律或風俗，這種法律和風俗要使他們有作戰的正當理由(或至少有所藉口)纔好。因爲人性之中自有一種天賦的公道，除非有一點爭戰底根據或理由(至少是勉強可以算做理由的話頭)，他們是不肯加入那兇險甚多的戰事的。
The Turk hath at hand, for cause of war, the propagation of his law or sect; a quarrel that he may always command. The Romans, though they esteemed the extending the limits of their empire to be great honour to their generals, when it was done, yet they never rested upon that alone, to begin a war. First therefore, let nations, that pretend to greatness, have this; that they be sensible of wrongs, either upon borderers, merchants, or politic ministers; and mat they sit not too long upon a provocation.
土耳其的君主爲了作戰，常以傳播他底宗教爲理由：這是一種很方便的，隨時可以利用的理由。羅馬人雖然在開疆拓土底事業已經成功之後，把這種事認爲是統兵將帥底大榮耀，然而他們從未把開拓疆土一事認爲起釁底好理由。因此，凡是志在強大的國家，第一應當有這點性質，就是，對於別國底侮辱傷害，要敏感，無論這種侮辱傷害是加於邊鄰，或施於本國底商人或使節的;並且對別人底撩撥，不可縱容過久。
Secondly, let them be pressed and ready to give aids and succours, to their confederates: as it ever was with the Roman: in so much, as if the confederate had leagues defensive with divers other states, and upon invasion offered, did implore their aids severally, yet the Romans would ever be the foremost, and leave it to none other to have the honour. As for the wars which were anciently made on the behalf of a kind of party, or tacit conformity of estate, I do not see how they may be well justified: as when the Romans made a war for the liberty of Greece: or when the Lacedaemonians and Athenians made wars, to set up or pull down democracies, and oligarchies: or when wars were made by foreigners, under the pretence of justice, or protection, to deliver the subjects of others from tyranny, and oppression; and the like. Let it suffice, that no estate expect to be great that is not awake, upon any just occasion of arming.
第二，他們應當常常準備着對他們底與國或同盟加以援助，如羅馬人從來之所爲一樣;羅馬人底辦法是這樣的，假令有一國與羅馬之外的許多國家也曾締結盟約互爲保障，到了有敵國來犯的時候，並曾向這各國分頭乞援，羅馬人總是首先赴援，不讓別的任何國家有這種榮譽。至於古人爲了擁護一黨一派或實質相同的政體而起的戰爭，我不懂那是有什麼正當理由的：例如羅馬人爲了希臘底自由而戰，斯巴達人和雅典人爲了建立或傾覆民主政治和寡頭政治而戰，又如某一國底人，假借公道或人道底名義，來解除他一國中的專制與壓迫，諸如此類者皆是也。總之，凡是不準備有了正當理由就立即動兵的國家，不必希冀強大也。
No body can be healthful without exercise, neither natural body, nor politic: and certainly, to a kingdom or estate, a just and honourable war is the true exercise. A civil war, indeed, is like the heat of a fever, but a foreign war is like the heat of exercise, and serveth to keep the body in health: for in a slothful peace, both courages will effeminate, and manners corrupt But howsoever it be for happiness, without all question, for greatness it maketh to be still, for the most part, in arms: and the strength of a veteran army (though it be a chargeable business), always on foot, is that, which commonly giveth the law, or at least the reputation amongst all neighbour states; as may well be seen in Spain; which hath had, in one part or other, a veteran army, almost continually, now by the space of six-score years.
不論是個人底身體或國家底團體，如不運動則其體不強：而對於一個王國或共和國，一個有理由有光榮的戰爭乃是一種真實的運動，這是無疑的。內戰真有如患病發熱;但是對外作戰則有如運動發熱，是可以保持身體健康的;因爲在一種偷惰的和平中，民氣將變爲柔靡而民德將變爲腐敗也。但是，不管爲了幸福是怎麼樣，爲了國家底強大起見，國民大部分常常從事武備是很有利的;一個常在行動中的，久經戰陣的軍隊底力量(雖然這種力量是代價很高的)，正即是使我在所有的鄰國中能有發號施令之權(或者至少能有這種名譽)的工具也;西班牙就是一個很明顯的例子，西班牙在歐洲各處差不多長期駐有精兵，已經約有120年之久了。
To be master of the sea is an abridgement of a monarchy. Cicero writing to Atticus, of Pompey his preparation against Caesar, saith; consilium Pompeii plane Themistocum est; putat enim, qui mari potitur, eum rerum potiri. And, without doubt, Pompey had tired out Caesar, if upon vain confidence, he had not left that way. We see the great effects of battles by sea. The battle of Actium decided the empire of the world. The battle of Lepanto arrested the greatness of the Turks.
一個國家若能成爲海上底主人就等於已成了一個帝國。西塞羅致書阿蒂苦斯論龐拜對愷撒的軍事準備時說道：“龐拜所遵循的是一種真正的塞密斯陶立克斯式的策略：他以爲那掌握海權的人，就是掌握一切的人”。無疑地，如果龐拜不因一時自大輕敵而舍舟從陸，他一定會使愷撒疲於奔命的。海戰底重大影響是我們看得見的。埃克興之戰決定了羅馬帝國之誰屬。勒盤陶之戰制止了土耳其人底強橫。
There be many examples, where sea-fights have been final to the war; but this is, when princes or states have set up their rest upon the battles. But thus much is certain; that he that commands the sea is at great liberty, and may take as much, and as little of the war, as he will. Whereas those that be strongest by land, are many times nevertheless in great straits. Surely, at this day, with us of Europe, the vantage of strength at sea (which is one of the principal dowries of this kingdom of Great Britain) is great: both because, most of the kingdoms of Europe are not merely inland, but girt with the sea, most part of their compass; and because, the wealth of both Indies seems in great part but an accessory to the command of the seas.
海戰爲全部戰爭之最後決戰者其例甚多。這種情形固然是君主或國家們把一切都憑海戰來決定底結果，然而這點是確定的，就是握有海上霸權的一方是很自由的，在戰爭上它是可多可少，一隨己意的。在相反的一方面，那些陸軍最強的國家卻往往感受極大的困難。無疑地，在今日，我們歐洲的諸國中，海上的勢力(這種勢力是大不列顛底主要的天賦優點之一)是一種很大的長處;一則因爲歐洲底各國，大多數不是純粹內陸的，而是國境底大部分臨着海的;再則因爲東西印度底財富底大部分似乎是唯有握着海上底霸權的人才能得着的。
The wars of latter ages seem to be made in the dark, in respect of the glory and honour, which reflected upon men, from the wars in ancient time. There be now, for martial encouragement, some degrees and orders of chivalry; which nevertheless, are conferred promiscuously upon soldiers and no soldiers; and some remembrance perhaps upon the scutcheon; and some hospitals for maimed soldiers; and such like things. But in ancient times; the trophies erected upon the place of the victory; the funeral laudatives and monuments for those that died in the wars; the crowns and garlands personal; the style of emperor, which the great kings of the world after borrowed; the triumphs of the generals upon their return; the great donatives and largesses upon the disbanding of the armies; were things able to inflame all men's courage. But above all, that of the triumph, amongst the Romans, was not pageants or gaudery, but one of the wisest and noblest institutions that ever was.
與古代底戰爭所給予人的光輝榮耀相形之下，近代底戰爭簡直是在黑暗中打的。爲鼓勵士氣起見，現在也有些爵位勳章等等，然而這些東西是雜亂地頒發，無分軍人或非軍人的;此外也許還有些楯上的銘語，傷兵病院，諸如此類的東西。但是在古時，那在戰勝地點樹立的紀念品，追悼的頌辭，以及紀念陣亡將士的碑坊，獎給個人的花冠，大元帥底名義，(就是後來的各國君主所借用的)，凱旋將帥底勝利遊行;兵隊復員時的重大犒賞;這都是能引起人人底勇氣的事物。但是，最重要者，莫過於羅馬人底凱旋式，這種凱旋式並不僅是儀式或誇耀，而是一種極其聰明偉大的制度。
For it contained three things; honour to the general; riches to the treasury out of the spoils; and donatives to the army. But that honour, perhaps, were not fit for monarchies; except it be in the person of the monarch himself, or his sons; as it came to pass, in the times of the Roman emperors, who did appropriate the actual triumphs to themselves, and their sons, for such wars as they did achieve in person: and left only, for wars achieved by subjects, some triumphal garments, and ensigns, to the general.
因爲它裏面包含三樣事情;在將帥方面是尊榮;在國庫方面是由戰利品而增進了財富;在軍隊方面是賞賜。不過那種尊榮也許是不適於君主國的;除非把它歸之於君主本人或他底子嗣們，如後來的羅馬皇帝們之所爲一樣，他們把自己或子嗣曾經親自參加的戰役底凱旋式由自己或子嗣包辦了，而在臣子得來的勝仗中，則僅對統兵將帥予以慶功的衣服和勳章。
To conclude; no man can, by care taking (as the scripture saith) add a cubit to his stature, in this little model of man's body: but in the great frame of kingdoms, and commonwealths, it is in the power of princes, or estates, to add amplitude and greatness to their kingdoms. For by introducing such ordinances, constitutions, and customs, as we have now touched, they may sow greatness to their posterity, and succession. But these things are commonly not observed, but left to take their chance.
總之;如《聖書》所說，誰也不能因爲用了心思的原故而對這個小結構——人體——加高一寸;但是在大結構如王國或共和國中，則爲君主者或執政者可以使他們底國家增強滋大的;因爲如果他們肯把我們上面論及的法令，憲章，習俗試行國內，則他們是可以給後世或繼位者種下強大之因的。然而這些事普通多不受人注意，一任其自己隨時運而晦明焉。
