盤點已經擁有2000年曆史的十大職業(中)

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7.客棧老闆

As we said in our introduction, innkeepers had a shady reputation in antiquity. During the Roman Empire, most travelers actually stayed in guest rooms set aside in private homes.

正如引言中所說，在古代，客棧老闆這一職業名聲一直不好。在羅馬帝國時期，大多數的旅行者都住在居民家的客房中。

Inns offered spartan accommodation in communal sleeping rooms, with space outside to tie up animals. Innkeepers often colluded with robbers and supplied guests with prostitutes. (Given their bad character, some experts say the Biblical Mary and Joseph likely were seeking shelter in a guest room, not an inn.)

客棧爲斯巴達提供公共住宿，房外有可以綁住動物的地方。客棧老闆經常串通強盜偷竊且爲客人提供賣淫服務。（由於這些壞印象，一些專家認爲聖瑪麗和約瑟夫可能都住在居民家裏的客房，而不是客棧）。

Because of such skullduggery, Roman law is filled with punishments for these types of offenses.

由於這些欺騙行爲的盛行，羅馬法律中也充斥着對這些行爲的懲罰規定。

Unfortunately for the honest innkeepers, the laws were written with the assumption the innkeeper was guilty.

那些品質良好的客棧老闆就倒了黴，因爲這些法律本身就假定了客棧老闆這個職業是有罪的。

During medieval times, monks became de facto innkeepers, hosting travelers trekking long distances on religious pilgrimages.

在中世紀時期，僧侶成爲了真正意義上的客棧老闆，招待長途跋涉前去朝聖的虔誠的旅行者。

In late-medieval England, innkeepers were members of the upper class and influential citizens. Inns here typically offered communal sleeping, although private rooms started to become more common.

在中世紀後期的英國，客棧老闆成爲了上流社會和有影響力公民的一員。單人房間開始變得更加常見，但客棧也提供公共房間。

In the U.S., people first began traveling for business or pleasure in the 1700s, causing stagecoach inns to pop up. These were very modest accommodations; sometimes people had to sleep in the same bed with a stranger.

從十八世紀開始，美國人開始商務旅行或休閒旅行，公共車馬客棧由此應運而生。這些都是比較便宜的住所，所以有時你得和陌生人睡在同一張牀上。

Of course today, a guest can choose between a charming bed and breakfast, a large hotel chain, a budget motel and dozens of other innkeeping options. Thankfully, the innkeeper reputation has improved somewhat.

當然，如今客人的選擇也很多，可以選擇華麗的大牀和早餐，大型連鎖旅館，經濟型汽車旅館以及其他旅館。而且，客棧老闆的名聲在一定程度上也大大提高了。

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6.法官

During the old kingdom in ancient Egypt (3000 B.C.E.), there were no official judges, but cases were tried before priests and scribes.

埃及古王國時期（公元前3000年）並沒有正式的法官，案件都是由祭司和文職人員審理的。

But by the middle kingdom (around 1500 B.C.E.), there were official judges, and a judgeship was typically passed down from father to son.

到了埃及第一中間時期（約公元前1500年）開始有了正式法官，而且這個職位通常都是世襲制。

The cases a judge might oversee were the same as today: murder, robbery, property ownership and so on. People often tried to bribe the judges or sway their opinion through flattery in order to avoid harsh sentences.

當時法官所審理的案件與今天的相差無幾，包括謀殺、搶劫、判決財產擁有權等。那時，人們會通過賄賂或奉承法官來左右法官的決策，以避免嚴厲的刑罰。

And judges were often dishonest or abused power when it served their needs, namely when society wasn't running so smoothly.

在社會缺乏秩序的條件下，法官們爲了滿足自身需求，會作出失信行爲或者濫用權力。

But if a judge was caught in a misdeed, the punishment could be severe. During one era in Egypt, convicted judges had their noses cut off.

但是如果一個法官的罪行被揭露的話，懲罰是非常嚴厲的。在埃及的某一個時期，被定罪的法官的鼻子會被切下來。

In the Middle Ages, dishonesty continued to plague the judiciary. Judges often were paid off by litigants, even if the judges were members of the clergy.

在中世紀，法官的失信行爲讓司法制度飽受詬病。即使是作爲神職人員的法官都經常會被當事人賄賂。

Today's judges are either appointed officials or elected by the people. Although generally only a bachelor's degree and some related experience is required to be a judge, most judges are lawyers.

如今的法官是由政府任命或者羣衆選舉出來的。雖然一般來說擁有學士學位和相關經驗便有機會成爲法官，而且很多法官都是律師出身。

But the job market for judges is rather flat, because every new judgeship position in the U.S. must be authorized and approved by the state or federal legislature. And they still get accused of dishonesty sometimes.

但是法官的就業市場非常蕭條，因爲在美國，每一位法官的身份都必須經由州政府和聯邦政府的授權批准，而且他們仍會因失信行爲遭到起訴。

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5.靈媒

Call them seers, astrologers, psychics, mediums or clairvoyants. Whatever term you use for people who work to discern the future, know that this occupation has been around since the dawn of recorded history.

那些能夠預見未來的人有很多名字——先知、占星家、靈媒、女巫、千里眼，無論你用哪個名字來稱呼他們，都要知道這一個職業在有歷史記載的時期就已經出現了。

In the ancient world, psychics were often members of the royal court or regularly consulted by the rulers before making decisions both large and small — what crops to plant, which officials to hire, which battles to wage.

在古時候，靈媒通常是皇家法庭的成員，或者是統治者做決策時的諮詢對象，這些決策小到該種植哪一種作物，該僱用哪一位官員，大到該發動哪一場戰爭等等。

But while royal psychics were much-heralded, their position was also risky. If they recommended a battle that the empire subsequently lost, for example, they might be fired, jailed or even killed.

不過，雖然王室的靈媒被大肆讚揚，但是他們的地位卻很危險。例如他們建議國王發動戰爭後，王朝卻因此覆滅了，這些靈媒有可能會被解僱、監禁甚至殺害。

Since the work of a psychic involved communicating with an entity in another world, the profession was condemned by the monotheistic religions that later emerged: Judaism, Christianity and Islam.

靈媒的工作是與另一個世界的神明進行溝通，而這一職位遭到後來出現的猶太教、基督教和伊斯蘭教等只信奉一個神靈的教派的譴責，

Texts that are central to these religions viewed psychics as evil, since only God is supposed to know the future. In 785, the Catholic Church outlawed the use of sorcerers in settling disputes.

因爲這些教派的核心典籍認爲通靈是邪惡的，而且只有上帝才能預見未來。在785年，天主教會禁止巫師參與解決紛爭。

Today there are signs advertising psychic readings in innumerable towns around the globe.

今天，在世界各地都有關於通靈讀物的廣告。

Some people view such psychics simply as entertainers with no real power, while others see them as charlatans taking money from gullible people. Still others take them seriously.

一些人認爲這些靈媒只是些表演家，並沒有所謂通靈的能力；有些人認爲他們是江湖騙子，專門從那些輕信別人的人手中騙取錢財；但是還是有些人很相信他們。

Studies on whether psychic powers exist are inconclusive. Yet some professional psychics have been used by police departments and other crime-solving groups with apparent success.

對於通靈之術是否存在，科學研究尚未給出定論，但一些專業的通靈人士與警察部門和破案組已有的成功合作表明，這項職業還是頗有效用的。

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4.性工作者

A Rudyard Kipling short story "On the City Wall" gets the credit for calling prostitution the world's oldest profession. If it's not really the oldest occupation, it's pretty close to it.

在魯德亞德·吉卜林的一篇短篇小說《在城牆上》裏，賣淫被稱爲世界上最古老的一種職業。即使不算最古老，它也應該是最古老的職業之一。

Prostitution involves having sexual intercourse with someone in exchange for some kind of payment (money, food, clothing), and it's been around for millennia.

賣淫是通過和人進行性行爲以獲得錢、食物、衣物等物質爲報酬的職業，這種物性交換行爲已經存在了幾千年。

In ancient times, prostitution was often performed within a sacred context, as part of a religious ceremony or for a sacred purpose.

在古代，賣淫其實常常帶有神聖的色彩，它是宗教儀式的一部分或者用以達到某種通神的目的。

In Sumerian and Babylonian cultures (2400 B.C.E. and beyond) having sex with a temple prostitute was one way to gain favor from a fertility god.

在公元前2400年起始的蘇美爾文化和巴比倫文化中，和寺院妓女性交是一種獲得生育神庇佑的方式。

In ancient Rome, prostitution was not part of religion. Slaves were often forced to work as prostitutes, as were orphaned children.

在古羅馬，賣淫與宗教無關。奴隸通常被迫賣淫，特別是孤兒身份的奴隸。

In ancient Greece, male prostitutes were common, and were mainly adolescent boys. Slave boys typically worked in Athens' male brothels.

在古希臘，男妓十分常見，並且主要是青少年，這些男孩通常在雅典的男妓院裏工作。

In 2012, there were roughly 42 million prostitutes in the world, three-quarters of them between the ages of 13 and 25, and 80 percent female.

在2012年，全世界大約有4200萬性工作者，他們中四分之三的人的年齡在13歲到25歲之間，80%的人是女性。

Now, as in ancient times, most prostitutes work in this field against their will, and human trafficking is a huge human rights issue.

正如古代，大多數性工作者都不是出於自己的意願而進入這一行，而且販賣人口是當前的一個嚴重的人權問題。