新報告籲尼泊爾停止侵犯流亡藏人權利

home to tens of thousands of exiled Tibetans--is putting ever-tighter restrictions on their basic rights, according to a new report that points a finger of blame at China.

新發表的一份報告指出，尼泊爾正在對居住在該國的西藏流亡人士施加比以往更加嚴格的限制措施，該報告稱，此事背後有中國的影子。目前有數萬名西藏流亡人士居住在尼泊爾。

Tibetans in Nepal 'face excessive use of force by police, preventive detention, torture and ill-treatment when detained,' according to a Human Rights Watch report released Tuesday. They also face 'intrusive surveillance and arbitrary application of vaguely formulated and overly broad definitions of security offenses,' the New York-based advocacy group said.

人權觀察(Human Rights Watch)週二發表的一份報告指出，在尼泊爾的西藏人面臨着警方的壓力，包括過度使用警力、預防性羈押、羈押期間的刑訊和虐待等。這家總部位於紐約的組織還說，他們面臨的情況還包括，警方會對他們進行侵犯性監視，以及隨意使用語焉不詳、界定過於寬泛的治安條例。

Human Rights Watch urged Nepal's government to protect the rights of its Tibetan residents including their freedom of expression and assembly. It also urged China not to pressure Nepal to take actions 'that are in contradiction with international human rights and refugee law.'

人權觀察敦促尼泊爾政府保護居住在該國的西藏人士的權利，包括表達自由和集會自由的權利。該組織還敦促中國不要向尼泊爾施壓，要求尼泊爾採取某些與國際人權法和難民法相悖的措施。

Nepal and Tibet share a Mountainous border. Since the Dalai Lama fled to India from Tibet in 1959, several thousand Tibetans have settled in Nepal, for the most part mixing peacefully with the country's Buddhist and Hindu communities.

尼泊爾和西藏接壤。自從達賴喇嘛1959年從西藏逃到印度之後，成千上萬名西藏人在尼泊爾定居，大部分人與該國的佛教人羣和印度教人羣和平雜處。

China, which provides significant financial and development aid to Nepal, has pressed the Nepalese government to rein in anti-China activities on its soil. The Chinese pressure has grown since a 2008 uprising in Tibet that China says was orchestrated by the Dalai Lama and the Tibetans in exile. The Dalai Lama has dismissed the allegations that he advocated violence.

中國大量向尼泊爾提供金融援助和發展援助。中國曾向尼泊爾政府施壓，要求其控制在尼泊爾國土上進行的反華活動。自從2008年西藏發生騷亂以來，中國向尼泊爾施壓的力度與日俱增。中國說當年的騷亂是達賴喇嘛和西藏流亡人士組織的，而達賴喇嘛多次駁斥了有關他主張暴力的指控。

The population of exiled Tibetans in Nepal is estimated at about 15,000 to 20,000. Most revere the Dalai Lama as their spiritual leader. They occasionally organize rallies and demonstrations to protest what they see as China's occupation of their homeland of Tibet--giving rise to clashes with Nepali security forces. Tibetans in Nepal also face restrictions on their freedom of movement and access to jobs.

據估計，居住在尼泊爾的西藏流亡人士約有1.5萬到兩萬人，他們大多數人都把達賴喇嘛尊爲精神領袖。他們偶爾會組織集會和遊行活動，對他們所稱的中國佔領了自己的故鄉西藏的做法表達抗議，這會引發與尼泊爾安全部隊的衝突。在尼泊爾的西藏人士也面臨着行動自由和就業方面的限制。

China's security concerns over Tibetan activities in Nepal has grounding in early Tibetan resistance against its occupation of Tibet in early 1950s. In late 1950s, scores of Tibetans, including monks, took up guerrilla warfare against the Chinese army. They were trained by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency but facing crushing defeat, they retreated to mountain hideout in Mustang region of Nepal in 1960. The resistance eventually died but the escape that Nepal's Himalayan frontiers provided to the Tibetan rebels underscored geopolitical importance for Chinese rulers to scrutinize Tibetan activities in Nepal.

中國對尼泊爾藏人活動的警惕始源於上世紀50年代初期，當時中國軍隊佔領西藏激起了西藏人的反抗。50年代末期，包括僧侶在內的大量藏人與中國軍隊展開游擊戰。他們雖受過美國中央情報局(U.S. Central Intelligence Agency)的訓練，卻仍遭殘敗，在1960年撤退進尼泊爾木斯塘的山區中藏身。反抗雖最終平息，然而尼泊爾的喜馬拉雅邊境爲西藏叛軍提供的蔽護，凸顯出中國政府緊密關注尼泊爾藏人活動的重要地緣政治意義。

Nepal's relations with Tibet perhaps goes back to antiquity. A Nepali princess famous in local folklore as Bhrikuti is said to have introduced Buddhism to Tibet in the seventh century. The trade between the two political territories flourished through the trans-Himalayan routes in the medieval age. Many mountain-dwelling communities in Nepal, including the Sherpas, trace their lineage to Tibet. One of the still popular Nepali women's proverbs invokes the importance that trade with Lhasa, administrative capital of Tibet, once held in the people's lives in Nepal. 'There is gold in Lhasa [but] my ears are bare,' the proverb says.

尼泊爾與西藏的關係或可追溯回古代。據稱在公元七世紀時，尼泊爾的尺尊公主(Bhrkuti)將佛教傳入西藏。中世紀時，兩地通過跨喜馬拉雅路線建立起繁榮的貿易往來。尼泊爾許多居住於山中的族羣（包括夏爾巴人）的祖先都可追溯回西藏。如今尼泊爾婦女間仍盛傳一句諺語：拉薩有黃金，吾耳卻裸露。這句話體現着尼泊爾與西藏行政首府拉薩進行貿易的重要性。

Today Nepal's political establishment sees Tibet in context of China's growing economic and military might. An official joint statement between China and Nepal during Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao's Nepal visit in January 2012 elucidated this new geopolitical reality.

如今，尼泊爾與西藏的政治關係建立在中國經濟及軍事力量不斷增強的背景之下。2012年1月時任中國總理的溫家寶到訪尼泊爾，中尼兩國當時發表的聯合聲明便凸顯出這一新的地緣政治形勢。

'The Nepalese side reiterated that there is only one China in the world, and the Government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal government representing the whole of China,' the statement said. 'Both Taiwan and Tibet are integral parts of the Chinese territory. The Nepalese side firmly supports the efforts made by the Chinese side to uphold state sovereignty, national unity and territorial integrity, and does not allow any forces to use Nepalese territory for any anti-China or separatist activities.'

聲明稱：“尼方重申，世界上只有一箇中國，中華人民共和國政府是代表全中國的唯一合法政府，臺灣和西藏是中國領土不可分割的一部分。尼方堅定支持中方爲維護國家主權、統一和領土完整所作的努力，不允許任何勢力利用尼領土從事任何反華分裂活動。”

'The Chinese side highly appreciated the position of the Nepalese side,' the statement further said.

聲明還稱：“中方高度讚揚尼方立場。”