雲南鉛鋅礦場周邊土壤重金屬污染嚴重

Soil samples collected by Greenpeace East Asia researchers near Asia’s largest zinc and lead mine and smelting plant, in Yunnan Province, show severe heavy metal contamination, the organization says. The findings, it has reported, highlight the environmental and health hazards as industries react to tighter pollution constraints in eastern China by expanding operations in less developed areas in the west.

綠色和平東亞分部(Greenpeace East Asia)研究人員前往雲南省境內的亞洲最大鉛鋅礦和冶煉廠附近進行了土壤樣本採集，據樣本顯示，土壤的重金屬污染十分嚴重。據該組織的報告顯示，面對中國東部地區日益嚴格的污染限制，工業企業在向西部欠發達地區擴張，造成了當地環境和健康危害。

In April, the researchers took samples of soil, household dust and river water in the town of Jinding, near the border with Myanmar, and sent them to an independent laboratory for testing. The results, released this week, show cadmium concentrations of up to 142 times the national health standard, and lead at eight times the standard, suggesting that the soil is not safe for growing food.

4月，研究者在靠近中緬邊境的金頂鎮對土壤、家居降塵和河水進行採樣，並將樣本送往獨立實驗室進行檢驗。本週發佈的檢驗結果顯示，鎘含量是國家健康標準的142倍，而鉛的含量則是國家健康標準的8倍，這表明土壤對於糧食種植來說並不安全。

“Soil pollution is less visible than water and air pollution, so the public is often unaware of the problem,” Ada Kong, a senior campaigner for Greenpeace East Asia, said in an interview. “With little public attention, the government lacks incentives to share information on the soil situation in China.”

“土壤污染沒有水污染和空氣污染那麼明顯，所以大衆通常都意識不到土壤污染這個問題，”綠色和平東亞分部的資深活動人士江卓珊(Ada Kong)在採訪中表示。“公衆關注度低，政府在國內土壤情況信息共享方面缺乏激勵機制。”

In April 2014, the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the Ministry of Land Resources released a report based on a national soil survey, which found that 16.1 percent of China’s soil, and 19.4 percent of its farmland, was polluted, mostly as a result of industrial and agricultural activities. The most common pollutants were cadmium, nickel and arsenic.

2014年4月，中國環境保護部和國土資源部在一份國家土壤調查的基礎上發佈了一份報告，其中顯示中國16.1%的土壤和19.4%的農田受到了污染，工業和農業活動則是主要的污染源。其中，鎘，鎳和砷是最常見的污染物。

But Ms. Kong said that report lacked specific geographic information. “No names of the provinces or locations where they took samples were disclosed,” she said. “Some other organizations have requested more information about the study but have been turned down.”

但是江卓珊說，該報告缺乏具體的地理信息。“報告沒有公佈土壤採樣來自哪些省份或地區，”她說。“有的組織希望獲取該研究的更多信息，被拒絕了。”

The Greenpeace team also looked at household dust, which has received less scrutiny than soil. “China does not even have a national health standard or health regulations for pollutants in household dust,” Ms. Kong said.

綠色和平研究團隊還關注了家居降塵，針對這項指標的觀測比土壤更少。“中國甚至沒有制定家居降塵的國家健康標準，或關於粉塵污染物的法規，”江卓珊說。

“The lowest level of lead concentration we found was 1,576 micrograms per square meter” of floor space, she said. This is more than six times the level cited in a study published in Public Health Reports, a journal of the United States Public Health Service, at which children were eight times more likely than their peers to have a blood lead level of 10 micrograms per deciliter. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention used to refer to that as a “level of concern,” but it now says there is no safe blood level in ls of heavy metal in samples correlated with proximity to the smelting plant. “Lead, zinc and cadmium concentrations increased by 5 percent for every kilometer closer to the plant,” Ms. Kong said.

她說按住宅佔地面計算，“我們發現的鉛濃度水平最低的是每平方米1576微克，”她說。這是美國公共衛生局(Public Health Service)刊物《公共衛生報告》(Public Health Reports)的一篇研究中提到的濃度水平的六倍以上，而在那項研究中的濃度水平下生活的兒童，血鉛含量達到每100毫升10微克的可能性是其他兒童的八倍。美國疾病控制和預防中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)曾經稱那是“令人擔憂的水平”，但現在他們認爲並不存在兒童安全血濃度指標。樣本中的重金屬水平和冶煉廠的距離是相關的。“距工廠距離每拉近一公里，鉛、鋅、鎘濃度會增加5%，”江卓珊說。

Household dust is a major vehicle for lead being absorbed by the human body, said Chen Nengchang, a scientist at the Guangdong Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences.

廣東省生態環境與土壤研究所的科學家陳能場說，家居降塵是人體吸收鉛的重要途徑。

“In children, it can impair learning ability and lead to behavior problems,” Mr. Chen said in an interview. “Lead in blood can be dispersed rather quickly, but some of the lead can accumulate in brain tissues and bones, where it can remain for a very long time.”

“它會給兒童的認知能力造成損害，導致行爲異常，”陳能場在採訪中說。“鉛在血液中可以很快分解，但有些鉛會在大腦組織和骨骼中沉積，那樣就會留存相當長一段時間。”

The lead and zinc mine and smelting plant, which began operations in 2003, are owned by Yunnan Jinding Zinc. The Greenpeace report is not the first time that the company has been accused of polluting surrounding areas.

雲南金鼎鋅業公司所有的這些鉛鋅礦和冶煉廠是2003年投產的。綠色和平的此次調研已經不是該公司第一次面臨污染周邊環境的指責。

Records compiled by the Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs, a nonprofit organization based in Beijing that monitors corporate environmental performance, show that the Nujiang Prefecture Environmental Department and the Yunnan Environmental Protection Bureau cited the company as in violation of environmental regulations in 2009, 2011 and 2014.

監督企業環保狀況的北京非盈利機構公共環境研究中心整理的資料顯示，怒江州環境保護局和雲南省環境保護廳分別在2009、2011和2014年指出該公司存在環保違規。

One document shows that in 2009, the company was fined 600,000 renminbi, nearly $100,000 at the current exchange rate, for disposing of wastewater containing cadmium levels 887 times the national health standard into the nearby Bijiang River.

其中一份文件顯示，2009年該公司因向附近的沘江排放鎘濃度超標887倍的廢水，被罰款60萬元人民幣。

Local residents appear well aware of the health risks.

當地居民似乎很清楚自己面臨的健康風險。

“You can see layers of black dust on your furniture all the time,” said Li Zhouping, 24, who lives with his family in Maigandian, a village about 100 meters, or around 330 feet, from the smelting plant.

“傢俱上什麼時候都是一層黑灰，”24歲的李周平（音）說，他家所在的麥稈甸村距離冶煉廠大約100米。

Greenpeace says that in 2010, the Lanping County health bureau conducted blood tests of children in Maigandian and found that 59 of 61 children had high levels of lead.

綠色和平稱，2010年蘭坪縣衛生局對麥稈甸村兒童進行血液化驗，結果61名兒童中有59人血鉛濃度偏高。

Mr. Li said that to protect his 3-month-old child’s health, he has been urging Yunnan Jinding Zinc to help the family move to a safer area.

李周平說爲了3個月大的孩子的健康，他曾要求金鼎鋅業幫助他把一家人搬到安全的地方。

“They promised us a relocation in 2006, but no action has been taken,” he said in an interview.

“他們在2006年答應搬遷，但沒有實際行動，”他在接受採訪時說。

Last year, he said, he and other villagers went to the company’s offices to press their case.

他說去年他和其他村民一起去公司辦公室施加壓力。

“We went there around six or seven times,” he said. “They just told us they would hurry up, but nothing has been done.”

“我們去了六七次，”他說。“他們就只知道說我們會抓緊，但什麼也沒做。”

At a news conference in Beijing on Tuesday, at which the Greenpeace report was released, Ms. Kong said: “In 2013, the Lanping County government announced again a relocation plan and told villagers they would be relocated by the end of 2016. The villagers say, however, that they have yet to receive any more information on this.”

綠色和平於週二在北京舉行新聞發佈會公佈了研究報告，江卓珊在發佈會上說：“蘭坪縣政府在2013年再次宣佈了搬遷計劃，並對村民說在2016年底之前可以完成搬遷。然而村民們說除此之外他們再也沒收到關於此事的其他消息。”

An official in the public information department of the Yunnan Environmental Protection Bureau reached by telephone declined to comment on the report’s findings or on allegations of environmental violations by Yunnan Jinding Zinc. A woman who answered the phone at the company said none of its executives were available to comment.

記者通過電話聯繫到的一位雲南環保廳信息公開部門官員，他拒絕就該報告的發現以及金鼎鋅業的環保違規行爲置評。金鼎鋅業公司一位接聽電話的女性表示，公司領導層沒有人能就此事置評。