特朗普能否重現羅斯福時代的基建偉業
Here’s how President-elect Trump could unify a bitterly divided America, provide well-paying jobs to many of the millions of disaffected workers who voted for him, and lift the economy, stock market and tax rolls.
候任總統特朗普該採取什麼辦法，讓嚴重分裂的美國重新團結一致，向投票給他的衆多心懷不滿的工人提供高薪工作崗位，並提振經濟、股市和稅收？
All he needs to do is what he presumably does best: build something.
他只需要做他大概最擅長的事情：建造點什麼。
And I don’t mean a few miles of asphalt or a paint job on a rusting bridge.
我指的並不是鋪幾英里長的瀝青路，或者粉刷生鏽的橋樑。
Build something awe-inspiring.
而是建造某種令人讚歎的東西。
Something Americans can be proud of.
某種讓美國人引以爲豪的東西。
Something that will repay the investment many times over for generations to come.
某種讓子孫後代受益無窮的東西。
Build the Modern-day equivalent of the Golden Gate Bridge, the Hoover Dam, the Lincoln Tunnel or the Timberline Lodge.
建造當代的金門大橋(Golden Gate Bridge)、胡佛水壩(Hoover Dam)、林肯隧道(Lincoln Tunnel)或林木木屋(Timberline Lodge)。
Or even, given Mr Trump’s passion for the sport, another Bethpage State Park Black Course — the first public golf course to host the prestigious United States Open.
又或者，鑑於特朗普對體育的熱情，建造另一座貝斯佩奇州立公園黑球場(Bethpage State Park Black Course)——第一座承辦享有盛譽的美國公開賽(United States Open)的公共高爾夫球場。
All of these are Depression-era New Deal public works projects started under President Franklin D.
所有這些公共工程項目，都屬於應對大蕭條的羅斯福新政的一部分，始建於富蘭克林•D•羅斯福(Franklin D.
Roosevelt that are still in use.
Roosevelt)總統治下，目前仍在使用之中。
Can anyone name even one infrastructure project from President Obama’s $800 billion American Recovery and Reinvestment Act? I didn’t think so.
有誰能從奧巴馬總統價值8000億美元的《美國復甦與再投資法案》(American Recovery and Reinvestment Act)找出哪怕一個基建項目嗎？我不這麼認爲。
In fairness to Mr Obama, Republicans in Congress bitterly opposed his public works spending plans, and he lamented there were too few shovel ready projects.
替奧巴馬說句公道話，共和黨議員曾強烈反對其公共工程支出計劃，而且他曾感嘆幾乎沒有什麼可以動工的項目。
That didn’t stop F.D.R.
但這沒能阻擋住羅斯福。
His Public Works Administration and Works Progress Administration, using combinations of public and private money, solicited proposals from states and cities, hired millions of workers and eventually built 78,000 bridges, 650,000 miles of roads, 700 miles of airport runways, 13,000 playgrounds and 125,000 military and civilian buildings, including more than 40,000 schools — in most cases to high standards of quality and design.
他的公共工程管理局(Public Works Administration)和工程振興管理局(Works Progress Administration)動用了公共以及私人資金，向各個州和城市徵詢了意見，僱用了數以百萬計的工人，最終建成了7.8萬座橋樑、65萬英里長的道路、700英里長的飛機跑道、1.3萬座遊樂場以及12.5萬座軍用和民用建築，包括逾4000所學校——其質量和設計標準在大多數情況下都很高。
The federal government built the La Guardia, Ronald Reagan Washington National and Los Angeles International airports, the Upper Mississippi locks and dams, the Bonneville power project on the Columbia River, the Robert F.
聯邦政府修建了拉瓜迪亞機場(La Guardia)、羅納德•里根華盛頓國家機場(Ronald Reagan Washington National)和洛杉磯國際機場(Los Angeles International)，在哥倫比亞河(Columbia River)興建了博納維爾(Bonneville)電力項目，在紐約架起了羅伯特•F•肯尼迪大橋(Robert F.
Kennedy Bridge in New York, and the Florida Keys Overseas Highway.
Kennedy Bridge)，還修建了佛羅里達跨海公路(Florida Keys Overseas Highway)。
Most are still in use today.
它們大多仍在使用之中。
To a large degree, this is the infrastructure that made America great, to borrow Mr Trump’s catchphrase.
套用特朗普的說法，這些基建項目在很大程度上讓美利堅散發出了偉大榮光。
What Roosevelt accomplished is astounding, said Scott Myers-Lipton, a sociology professor at San Jose State University and author of the books Rebuild America: Solving the Economic Crisis Through Civic Works and Ending Extreme Inequality.
羅斯福取得的成就令人歎爲觀止，聖何塞州立大學(San Jose State University)社會學教授、著有《重建美利堅：以民用工程解決經濟危機》(Rebuild America: Solving the Economic Crisis Through Civic Works)和《終結極端不平等》(Ending Extreme Inequality)的斯科特•邁爾斯-利普頓(Scott Myers-Lipton)說。
But it’s not so much the numbers people remember today.
但這並不是今天的人們記憶中的數字。
Most people just know there was an alphabet soup of organizations, he said.
大多數人只知道曾經有各種各樣的機構名稱字母縮寫，他說。
What they see and remember are the landmarks: the Bay Bridge, Reagan National Airport or the baseball stadium in San Jose.
他們看在眼中、記在心裏的只有地標：海灣大橋(Bay Bridge)、里根國家機場或者聖何塞的棒球場。
We’re living on that legacy today.
我們今天依靠那些遺產過活。
Repealing Obamacare, lowering taxes for businesses and mostly wealthy people, overhauling the immigration system and privatizing Medicare — what congressional Republicans have cited as their top legislative priorities — would be divisive in a nation bitterly split along partisan and geographic lines.
被共和黨議員引爲立法優先事項的舉措，比如廢除奧巴馬醫改法案(Obamacare)、爲企業以及主要由富人構成的羣體減稅、整飭移民制度、將聯邦醫療保險(Medicare)私有化，會在一個沿着黨派和地理界線嚴重割裂開來的國家引發分歧。
But nearly everyone agrees that America has grossly neglected its infrastructure even as the rest of the world, notably China, has raced ahead.
但幾乎人人都認爲，在世界上的其他地方——尤其是中國——迎頭趕上之際，美國嚴重忽視了基礎設施建設。
Our airports are like from a third-world country, Mr Trump said at Hofstra University during the first presidential debate.
我們的機場就跟第三世界國家的差不多，特朗普在霍夫斯特拉大學(Hofstra University)參加第一場總統競選辯論時說。
You land at La Guardia, you land at Kennedy, you land at LAX, you land at Newark, and you come in from Dubai and Qatar and you see these incredible — you come in from China, you see these incredible airports, and you land — we’ve become a third-world country.
你乘坐的飛機在拉瓜迪亞機場降落，在肯尼迪機場降落，在洛杉磯國際機場降落，在紐華克機場降落，你從迪拜或者卡塔爾過來，看過那裏棒極了的機場，你從中國過來，看過那裏棒極了的機場，然後飛機降落在美國，你會覺得我們已經變成了一個第三世界國家。
Who could disagree? Hillary Clinton also called for a big increase in infrastructure spending.
誰會有異議呢？希拉里•克林頓(Hillary Clinton)也曾呼籲大幅增加基建投資。
The single best thing the federal government can do to promote economic growth is to repair and build the transportation network, the highways, railroads and airports, said Roger Noll, an emeritus professor of economics at Stanford and a senior fellow at the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research.
要促進經濟增長，聯邦政府的最佳選擇是整修和建設交通網絡，公路、鐵路和機場，斯坦福大學經濟學榮休教授、斯坦福大學經濟政策研究所(Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research)高級研究員羅格•諾爾(Roger Noll)說。
It’s been neglected for 30 years.
這方面被忽視已經有30年了。
Last year, Dan McNichol, author of the book The Roads That Built America, a history of the Interstate highway system, and a White House adviser on transportation issues for President George H.
去年，講述州際公路系統歷史的著作《造就美國的公路》(The Roads That Built America)的作者、在喬治•H•W•布什(George H.
W. Bush, navigated the country in a 1949 Hudson Commodore on a mission to investigate the state of America’s infrastructure.
W. Bush)總統任內擔任白宮交通運輸事務顧問的丹•麥克尼科爾(Dan McNichol)，曾開着一輛1949年的哈德遜准將(Hudson Commodore)在全國各地遊歷，調查美國基礎設施的情況。
I was trying to see if this was really a crisis or a media sensation, he told me this week from California, where he’s working on the state’s high-speed rail project.
我想知道這真的是一場危機，還是隻是媒體的聳人聽聞，身在加利福尼亞州的他本週對我說。他正參與該州的高鐵項目。
I found out it’s pretty dire in terms of total infrastructure.
我發現，就基礎設施的總體情況而言形勢非常嚴峻。
For a nation that leads the world in global trade, our systems are failing.
對一個在全球貿易中引領世界的國家來說，我們的各種系統每況愈下。
Mr Trump has pledged $1 trillion over 10 years, but no one I spoke to thought that was enough.
特朗普承諾在10年時間裏投資1萬億美元，但和我交談過的所有人都覺得不夠。
Doubling that would be more realistic, Mr McNichol said.
麥克尼科爾說，翻一番更實際。
And Mr Trump’s campaign proposal was limited to infrastructure projects that could pay for themselves out of user fees, which seems like a shortsighted approach.
此外，特朗普競選時提出的方案僅限於可通過收費實現自負盈虧的基礎設施項目。這看上去似乎是一種目光短淺的做法。
Most economists say the best way to finance a big public works program, particularly given today’s low interest rates, would be for the government to borrow most of the money from investors.
大部分經濟學家表示，爲大型公共工程籌集資金的最佳方式是，資金大頭由政府向投資者舉債，尤其是考慮到眼下利率水平低。
Pulling off something on the scale of the Depression-era public works programs would be no small feat.
在規模堪比大蕭條時期的公共工程上取得成功絕非易事。
Recent federal infrastructure efforts, including reconstruction after Hurricanes Katrina and Sandy, as well as the Obama stimulus program, hardly inspire confidence.
最近的聯邦基礎設施項目，包括颶風卡特里娜和桑迪後的重建，以及奧巴馬的刺激計劃，都讓人感到心裏沒底。
Alan Brinkley, a professor of history at Columbia, said he doubted Mr Trump could replicate Roosevelt’s achievements.
哥倫比亞大學歷史教授阿蘭•布林克利(Alan Brinkley)懷疑特朗普無法複製羅斯福的成就。
Roosevelt had a coherent mission, if not always a consistent way to address the Depression and the economic crisis, Mr Brinkley said.
羅斯福擔負的使命始終如一，儘管他應對大蕭條和經濟危機的方式並非總是一致，布林克利說。
He was eclectic in his approach because he was pragmatic.
他在方法上的多樣是源於他的務實。
Even more important, Roosevelt was informed, surrounded himself with informed people, and was prepared on Day 1 to begin.
更重要的是，羅斯福見多識廣，身邊也都是見多識廣之人，上任第一天他就準備開始了。
I’m not sure that Trump’s policies go beyond his electioneering slogans, Mr Brinkley said.
我不確定特朗普的政策會不會超越競選時打出的口號，布林克利說。
I’m afraid a new P.W.A., he added, referring to the Public Works Administration, will stand for Promises Without Actions.
我擔心新的PWA，他接着說，這裏指的是公共工程管理局(Public Works Administration)，會變成‘只許諾不行動’(Promises Without Actions)。
But in the spirit of magnanimity, let’s give Mr Trump the benefit of the doubt, as Mr Obama has suggested.
但是，正如奧巴馬所建議的，本着寬宏的精神，我們權且相信特朗普。
He’ll need his own versions of Harold L. Ickes, Roosevelt’s interior secretary, who ran the P.W.A., and his close adviser Harry L. Hopkins, who ran the W.P.A.
他將需要找到自己的哈羅德•L•伊克斯(Harold L. Ickes)和自己的親密顧問哈里•L•霍普金斯(Harry L. Hopkins)。前者是羅斯福的內政部長，主政公共工程管理局，後者負責工程振興管理局。
Mr Trump will also need to be hands-on.
特朗普還需要親力親爲。
Roosevelt asked states and cities for proposals, but he made nearly all the final decisions himself.
羅斯福讓各州各市提交方案，但幾乎所有最終決定都是他自己拍板的。
F.D.R. was a fanatic about infrastructure, roads, planning, Mr McNichol said.
FDR非常喜歡基礎設施、公路和規劃，麥克尼科爾說。
As a commissioner in New York, he helped lay out the Taconic Parkway.
在紐約當警察局長時，他就參與設計了塔科尼克公園大道(Taconic Parkway)。
He even helped design the picnic tables.
他甚至還參與設計過野餐桌。
The right public works projects, said Mr Myers-Lipton of San Jose State, would address the public anger that elected Trump, which is that the regular folks aren’t being taken care of.
聖何塞州立大學的邁爾斯-利普頓說，合適的公共工程項目會緩解公衆的一種憤怒情緒，他們覺得普通老百姓沒有得到妥善的對待，正是這種情緒促使特朗普當選。
During the Depression, the government built beautiful hotels and golf courses and parks.
在大蕭條時期，政府修建了漂亮的酒店、高爾夫球場和公園。
The vision was, what’s usually for the elite should be for everybody.
這背後的想法是，通常僅面向精英的服務理應面向所有人。
That’s the power of public works.
這就是公共工程的力量。
