雅思閱讀句子填空題實例機經講解
本站從今天和大家分享雅思閱讀機經真題，是烤鴨在劍橋雅思之餘的良好調劑品。烤鴨們可以先自己試着做一做，做完之後可以對下答案，再看看悉心講解。本篇閱讀的標題：The effects of light on plant and animal species
雅思閱讀句子填空題實例機經講解
The effects of light on plant and animal species
Light is important to organisms for two different reasons. Firstly it is used as a cue for the timing of daily and seasonal rhythms in both planes and animals, and secondly it is used to assist growth in plants.
Breeding in most organisms occurs during a part of the year only, and so a reliable cue is needed to trigger breeding behavior. Day length is an excellent cue, because it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of change within the year. In the temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate greatly from day to day, but day length increases steadily by a predictable amount. The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable. For example, some species of birds’ breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964). Other examples of photoperiodism occur in plants. A short-day plant flowers when the day is less than a certain critical length. A long-day plant flowers after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. Plants which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants.
Breeding seasons in animals such as birds have evolved to occupy the part of the year in which offspring have the greatest chances of survival. Before the breeding season begins, food reserves must be built up to support the energy cost of reproduction, and to provide for young birds both when they are in the nest and after fledging. Thus many temperate-zone birds use the increasing day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting cycle, because this is a point when adequate food resources will be assured.
The adaptive significance of photoperiodism in plants is also clear. Short-day plants that flower in spring in the temperate zone are adapted to maximising seedling growth during the growing season. Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by insects, or a long period of seed ripening. Short-day plants that flower in the autumn in the temperate zone are able to build up food reserves over the growing season and over winter as seeds. Day-neutral plants have an evolutionary advantage when the connection between the favourable period for reproduction and day length is much less certain. For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length.
The breeding season of some plants can be delayed to extraordinary lengths. Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976). Every bamboo of the species Chusquea obietifolia on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884. The next generation of bamboo flowered and died between 1916 and 1918, which suggests a vegetative cycle of about 31 years. The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not yet known, but the adaptive significance is dear. The simultaneous production of masses of bamboo seeds (in some cases lying 12 to 15centimetres deep on the ground) is more than all the seed-eating animals can cope with at the time, so chat some seeds escape being eaten and grow up to form the next generation (Evans 1976).
The second reason light is important to organisms is that it is essential for photosynthesjs. This is the process by which plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon from soil or water into organic material for growth. The rate of photosynthesis in a plant can be measured by calculating the rate of its uptake of carbon. There is a wide range of photosynthetic responses of plants to variations in light intensity. Some plants reach maximal photosynthesis at one-quarter full sunlight, and others, like sugarcane, never reach a maximum, but continue to increase photosynthesis rate as light intensity rises.
Plants in general can be divided into two groups: shade-tolerant species and shade-intolerant species. This classification is commonly used in forestry and horticulture. Shade-tolerant plants have lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower growth rates than those of shade-intolerant species. Plant species become adapted to living in a certain kind of habitat, and in the process evolve a series of characteristics that prevent them from occupying other habitats. Grime (1966) suggests that light may be one of the major components direrting these adaptations. For example, eastern hemlock seedlings are shade-tolerant. They can survive in the forest understorey under very low light levels because they have a low photosynthetic rate.
Questions 34-40
Complete the sentences.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet.
34Day length is a useful cue for breeding in areas where ..................... are unpredictable.
35Plants which do not respond to light levels arc referred to as ......................... .
36Birds in temperate climates associate longer days with nesting and the availability of .........................
37Plants that flower when days are long often depend help them
38Desert annuals respond a signal for reproduction.
39There is no limit to the photosynthetic rate in plants such as .............................. .
40 Tolerance to shade is one criterion for the horticulture …………………………… of plants in forestry and horticulture.
答案與解析：
長難句練習：
ding seasons in animals such as birds have evolved to occupy the part of the year in which offspring have the greatest chances of survival.
參考譯文：例如鳥類等動物的繁殖期佔據了一年中他們後代生存機率最大的時間。
知識點：句子主幹Breeding seasons主語， have evolved to occupy 謂語，the part of the year賓語，in animals定語，in which引導限定性定語從句在句中做時間狀語因爲in which=when。Breeding seasons繁殖期，繁殖季節;evolve逐步進化;offspring後代
2. Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by insects, or a long period of seed ripening.
參考譯文：長日照植物會選擇適宜昆蟲受精或種子成熟週期較長的時期。
知識點：Long-day plants長日照植物，are adapted for適宜，fertilization by insects昆蟲受精，seed ripening種子成熟 句子主幹Long-day plants主語 ，are adapted for謂語被動態 ，situations賓語，that限定性引導定語從句修飾 situations。
simultaneous production of masses of bamboo seeds (in some cases lying 12 to 15 centimeters deep on the ground) is more than all the seedeating animals can cope with at the time, so that some seeds escape being eaten and grow up to form the next generation.
參考譯文：大量的竹子同時孕育的種子產量(在一些例子中，種子在地下12-15釐米深)，超過了這一時期以種子爲食的動物所能吃掉的數量，所以，一些種子就能存活下來，長成下一代。
知識點：主句主語是production，more than表語後加了一個對比關係的句子 all the seedeating animals can cope with at the time; so that引導結果狀語從句。
雅思閱讀材料大集合：六個壞習慣將毀掉你的睡眠
If you equate getting older with needing—or getting—less sleep, here’s a wake-up call: It's not true! “The majority of us require between seven and nine hours of shut-eye a night," says Robert Oexman, D.C., director of the Sleep to Live Institute. “And there’s little reason—whether you’re 55 or 80—not to get it.” Barring disease, medication and pain (all legitimate sleep interrupters), if patients complain of bad sleep, Dr. Oexman looks at their nighttime habits, where the problem almost always resides.
如果你認爲人慢慢長大變老，需要或得到的睡眠更少，那我來提醒你吧，不是這樣的!睡眠與生命研究所所長，脊骨神經科醫師羅伯特·歐克斯曼說道：“大多數人每晚需要7-9小時的睡眠時間。無論你是55還是80歲，都應該做到這一點。”疾病、藥物和疼痛除外(這些都可能會干擾睡眠)，如果病人抱怨睡不好覺，歐克斯曼醫師會查看其晚間生活習慣來發現問題所在。
So, how are you sabotaging your z-z-z-z-z’s?
所以，你是怎樣破壞自己的睡眠的呢?
Bad Habit #1: Watching TV until you fall asleep?
壞習慣一：看電視看到睡着
Why It Disrupts Sleep: It has nothing to do with what you watch—Downton Abbey isn’t a better pre-sleep choice than Dog the Bounty Hunter. Rather it’s the exposure to TV’s bright light that’s the culprit. Artificial bright light after dusk not only enhances alertness, but also delays the production of melatonin, a sleep-inducing hormone. So even if you nod off (in front of the TV, for example), you probably won’t stay asleep for long.
爲什麼會影響睡眠：這和你看什麼節目沒有任何關係，因爲《唐頓莊園》並不是比《賞金獵人》更好的睡前節目。反而是暴露在電視強光下才是影響你睡眠的罪魁禍首。天黑後的人造強光不僅讓人增加警惕性，而且會延遲體內睡眠荷爾蒙——褪黑素的生成。所以即使你打盹了(比如在電視機前)，你很可能也睡不了多久。
EZZZ Fix: An hour before bedtime, treat yourself like a baby: a warm bath, followed by a quiet activity in dim light—meditation, journal writing, reading. But no reading or writing on your computer before bed or in the middle of the night. (Almost half of the respondents in the AOL Email Addiction survey admitted to checking email during the night. If that’s you, keep technology out of the bedroom.)
解決方法：睡前一小時，讓自己像嬰兒一樣：洗個熱水澡，在暗淡的燈光下做些安靜的事情-冥想，寫日記，閱讀。但是睡前或者半夜絕對不能在電腦上閱讀或者寫東西。(幾乎一半參與美國在線電子郵件上癮調查的人們承認晚間會查看電子郵件。如果你也是這樣，那麼記得把高科技關在臥室外面吧。)
Bad Habit #2: Sleeping with Fido
壞習慣二：抱狗狗睡覺
Why It Disrupts Sleep: While animal-lovers argue the emotional benefits of sharing a pillow with their pets, research shows that pets can contribute to less than sound sleep. How? “Pets have different circadian rhythms than humans," says Oexman. “They sleep most of the day, and they shift a lot when sleeping—they get comfortable, then they move. This goes on all night, and whether you admit it or not, it interrupts your ability to get the level of sleep needed to feel rested." (As for pet dander and allergies—sneezing and wheezing are not great sleep enhancers.)
爲什麼會影響睡眠：動物愛好者認爲和寵物一起睡覺有情感上的益處，然而研究表明寵物實際上會影響睡眠。這是怎麼回事呢?“寵物和人有着不同的生理節律，”歐克斯曼說，“他們每天大多數時候都會睡，睡覺的時候經常動-他們覺得舒服，然後就會動。整晚都會這樣，而且無論你承認與否，你都會不知不覺被影響而達不到自己需要的睡眠程度。(至於寵物皮屑和各種過敏導致的打噴嚏和喘息都是會影響睡眠的因素。)
EZZZ Fix: For two weeks, put your pooch or cat in a crate outside your closed bedroom door. When your pet can sleep quietly in the crate, move the crate inside your room for another two weeks. When the crate training is complete, try letting the dog or cat sleep in his own bed near your bed. Discourage all attempts to jump on your bed and reward all successes for staying in his own bed. (Caveat: Plan on interrupted sleep for a few weeks.)
雅思閱讀材料大集合：可以聽懂你情緒的手機應用
Beyond Verbal Communications Ltd., a voice-recognition software developer here, is rolling out an app promising something Siri can't yet deliver: a readout on how you feel.
語音識別軟件開發商Beyond Verbal Communications Ltd.即將推出一款應用軟件，有望實現Siri尚且無法實現的一個功能：把你的情緒顯示出來。
Called Moodies, it lets a smartphone user speak a few words into the phone's mike to produce, about 20 seconds later, an emotional analysis. Beyond Verbal executives say the app is mostly for self-diagnosis -- and a bit of fun: It pairs a cartoon face with each analysis, and users can share the face on social media.
藉助於這款名爲“Moodies”的應用，智能手機用戶可以朝着手機的麥克風講話，在大約20秒鐘之後生成情緒分析。Beyond Verbal的管理人員說，該應用主要是用於自我診斷，也可以帶來一些小小的樂趣：它給每一次分析配上一張卡通臉孔，用戶可以把臉孔拿到社交媒體上去分享。
But the app is coming out as the company and other developers -- many clustered in Tel Aviv -- push increasingly sophisticated hardware and software they say can determine a person's emotional state through analysis of his or her voice.
在這款應用面世之際，Beyond Verbal和其他一些開發商――很多都扎堆特拉維夫――正在推出一些越來越尖端、據它們說可以通過分析語音確定一個人情緒狀態的硬件和軟件。
These companies say the tools can also detect fraud, screen airline passengers and help a call-center technician better deal with an irate customer. And they can be used to keep tabs on employees or screen job applicants. One developer, Tel Aviv-based Nemesysco Ltd., offers what it calls 'honesty maintenance' software aimed at human-resource executives. The firm says that by analyzing a job applicant's voice at an interview, the program can help identify fibs.
這些公司說，這些工具還可以偵測欺詐、檢查飛機乘客、幫助呼叫中心技術人員更好地對付發飆的顧客。它們可以用來監視員工或篩選求職者。特拉維夫開發商Nemesysco Ltd.推出以人力資源經理爲目標客戶的“誠信維護”軟件。該公司說，這套程序可以通過分析求職者在面試期間的說話聲音來幫助辨別謊言。
That's raising alarm among many voice-analysis experts, who question the accuracy of such on-the-spot interpretations. It's also raising worries among privacy advocates, who say such technology -- especially if it is being rolled out in cheap, easy-to-use smartphone apps -- could be a fresh threat to privacy.
這引起了很多語音分析專家的警惕，他們對這類現場轉譯的準確性提出了質疑。也引起了很多隱私鼓吹者的憂慮，他們說，這類技術有可能成爲一種新的隱私威脅，如果是以便宜好用的智能手機應用的形式推出，威脅就更爲嚴重。
Depending on how the analysis is performed, used and shared, 'there could well be breaches of certain privacy laws,' says Gwendolen Morgan, an associate at Bindmans LLP, a London human-rights law firm.
倫敦人權律師事務所Bindmans LLP合夥人格溫德琳?摩根(Gwendolen Morgan)說，這些分析“很有可能違反了某些隱私法規”，具體要看它們是怎樣運行以及被使用和共享的。
The new wave of technology is based on so-called layered voice analysis, and it's related to the much broader, more established field of 'speech-to-text' sentiment analysis. Verint Systems Inc., Thomson Reuters PLC and Hewlett-Packard Co. and others have long used speech-to-text technology to record phone calls and break them down into so-called text-based sentiment intelligence by flagging the occurrence of keywords or types of words. Call centers use the data to teach employees to keep customers on the phone or monitor employees for training purposes.
這一波新的技術浪潮基於“深層語音分析”(layered voice analysis)，跟更廣泛、更成熟的“語音轉文字”(speech-to-text)情緒分析領域有關。Verint Systems Inc.、湯森路透(Thomson Reuters PLC)、惠普(Hewlett-Packard Co.)等公司曾長期使用語音轉文字技術來記錄通話，並把出現在其中的關鍵詞或某些詞語種類標註出來，從而將通話分解爲“基於文本的情緒情報”。呼叫中心用這些數據教員工如何讓客戶保持通話，或爲了培訓的目的而監測員工。
The new speech-focused tools come as other companies are marketing body-language and facial-recognition sentiment-analysis tools -- including an app for Google Inc.'s Google Glass.
在這些新的語音分析工具面世之際，其他公司也在銷售身體語言和麪部識別類的情緒分析工具，比如一款針對谷歌公司(Google Inc.)“谷歌眼鏡”(Google Glass)的應用。
