雅思寫作：議論文寫作黃金法則

       I 討論類

何爲討論類文章，即對一個給定的觀點以及與其相對立的觀點進行討論，或就一個話題的兩個對立的方面：積極和消極方面進行探討，發表自己的觀點。顧名思義，討論類文章分爲觀點類討論和優缺點討論。這兩種議論類型所對應的問題模式常見的有：Do you agree or disagree, What is your opinion? To what extent do you agree or disagree?等。請看下面的列表來熟悉此類問題模式。

1).Nowadays, some universities offer students skills that assist them to find employment, but some people believe that the main function of a university should be to provide students with access to knowledge for its sake. What is your opinion?

2). Some people think that using animals for experimentation purpose is necessary for the development of science. Do you agree or disagree with this opinion?

3). The main purpose of public libraries is to provide books and they should not waste their limited resources and space on providing expensive hi-tech media such as computer software, videos and DVDs. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

4). Tourism is becoming a good source of revenue for many countries. Discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of exploring this resource.

5). In many countries, the number of elderly people is increasing fast. Does this trend have more positive or negative effects on the society?

以上五題中有對一個觀點發表自己觀點的，也有給出兩個觀點再發表自己觀點的，也有對一個話題的兩個方面進行論述的，這些都屬於討論類，其中1、2、3題屬於觀點類討論，而4、5題爲優缺點討論。

2. 結構分析

單邊論證

熟悉了問題模式後，我們來分析一下其所對應的文章結構。以上五種問題模式，考生在未接觸雅思前較熟悉的是Do you agree or disagree?和 What is your opinion?而通常這兩類問題所對應的文章可以用以下的五段論結構來完成：引言段(introduction)提出觀點，正文(body)三段通過三個理由來對觀點進行論證，結尾段(conclusion)重申一下自己的觀點。因爲此種結構只對自己支持的觀點進行論證，因此叫單邊論證，可以用下圖來表示：

Introduction

Background+My Opinion

Body:

1.Reason One + Supportiong Sentences(ss表示)

2.Reason Two + SS

3.Reason Three + SS

Conclusion:

Restatement of My Opinion

上述結構中的supporting sentences在議論文中的體現方式是一些論證方法，如舉例子(exemplification)，對比對照(contrast& comparison)，列數據(raising figures)，讓步(making concession)等來對自己支持的觀點進行論證，使考官信服。而此類結構也是中國學生較熟悉的議論文結構，在各類中國的考試中，如高考英語、大學四六級考試等，應用也較廣。但是單邊論證的缺點，就中國學生而言，是較難擴展論證過程，而且像講道理、舉例子等論證方法必須正確使用，顯示其邏輯性才能得到高分。