高中英語學習之短文改錯
其實我們所做的英語卷子中的題型都是固定的，當然做每個都有每個的方法，今天小編教大家如何做短文改錯。短文改錯和語法填空以及作文都是最考驗基礎的，你的基礎扎不紮實從這些題中就能看出來，如果你是基礎好的，下面這些方法會讓你更好，如果基礎不好也不用擔心，畢竟基礎一天學不來，但是有些套路我們還是可以應用的。
一短文改錯出現的考點方面
詞性問題
一個短文改錯中會出現
形容詞與副詞的混用 還有形容詞和形容詞混用-ed/-ing 還有有些詞雖然以ly結尾但是它不是副詞，會誘導我們做題
名次單複數問題根據上下文
定冠詞the和不定冠詞a/an的混用，主要看特指與不特指和上文有沒有提到
介詞的應用，主要是固定搭配這個就靠近基礎了，所以平時要多記多背
連詞主要考前後句關係，是並列，順承， 還是轉折，經常會考and,but,however
另外更要注意有些連詞不能一起運用這也就是我們漢語與英語的不同之處，比如because+so though+but這些都是不可以的所以做題時要多留心，認真翻譯我們還會遇到and+or的混用
否定詞的使用是根據句子翻譯的，所以翻譯很重要，平時多練習翻譯課文，這個分才能容易拿到
還有代詞，我們很容易的會發現有些題會在前面提到男的後面就出來女的，代詞由him——her這種問題萬一出了一定要多留意！
疑問詞how,what,when,會有一個常考的疑問詞+to do 再就會考在從句裏，看做不做成分，還要會區分名詞性從句，到底哪個是定語從句哪個是同位語從句，這也是一個大難考點下面呢就帶大家區分一下各種從句，並做一下相應的練習
（1）表語從句
1. 定義：用作表語的從句叫做表語從句。
2. 引導表語從句的關聯詞的種類：
（1） 從屬連詞 that 。在從句中不做成分。如：The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻煩是 我把他的地址丟了。 The reason was that he was late for school.
（2） 從屬連詞 whether,as,as if。如：
looked just as he had looked ten years before.他看起來還與十年前一樣。
question is whether they will be able to help us. 問題是他們是否能幫我們。
注：從屬連詞 if 一般不用來引導表語從句，但 as if卻可引導表語從句，如：
All this was over twenty years ago, but it’s as if it was only yesterday.
這都是 20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一樣。
The key is whether we can solve the problem.//It looked as if it was going to rain.
注：能跟表語從句的謂語動詞一般爲系動詞 be, seem, look, sound 等。如：
He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起來還與十年前一樣。
It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.
連接代詞 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 在表語從句中做主 語、賓語等。如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 問題是我們能找到誰去替 換她呢。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了閣樓乾的。 The problem is who we can get to replace her.
我想問的是誰離開了。 My question is who left.
連接副詞 where, when, how, why。
What I wonder is when he left. 我想知道他是何時離開的。
This is where they once lived. 這就是他們曾經住過的地方。
That is why he didn't come here.
The question is how he did it.
（3） 連詞 because 可引導表語從句。如：
I think it is because you are doing too much. 我 想 這 是 因 爲 你 做 得 太 多 。 It's just because he doesn't know her.
That's because he didn't understand me. 那是因爲他沒有理解我 .（That's because…強調原因 ） That's why he got angry with me.那正是他對我生氣的原因。 （That's why…強調結果 ）
（4） 在一些表示 ― 建議、 勸說、 命令 ‖ 的名詞後面的表語從句中， 謂語動詞用虛擬語氣。 should+動詞原形表示， should 可省略。如：
My suggestion is that we （should） start early tomorrow. 我的建議是我們明天一早就出發。
表語測試
1. The question is ________ we will have our sports meet next week.
A. that B. if C. when D. whether
2. The reason why he failed is ________he was too careless.
A. because B. that C. for D. because of
3. Go and get your coat. It’ s ________you left it
A. where B. there C. there where D. where there
4. The problem is _________to take the place of Ted
?A. who can we get B. what we can get
C. who we can get D. that we can get
5. What I want to know is ______ he likes the gift given by us.
A. that B. if C. whether D. 不填
6. The reason is_________ I missed the bus.
A. that B. when C. why D. what 7. That is __ ___ we were late last time.
A. that B. when C. why D. what
8. She looked _________ she were ten years younger.
A. that B. like C. as D. as though
9. — I fell sick!
--I think it is _______ you are doing too much.
A. why B. when C. what D. because
10. The reason why he hasn’t come is ___________.
A. because his mother is ill B. because of his mother’s being ill C. that his mother is ill D. for his mother is ill
11. — He was born here.
-- That is _______ he likes the place so much.
A. that B. what C. why D. how is ______ Lu Xun once lived.
A. what B. where C. that D. why 13. _______your father wants to know is________ getting on with your studies. A. What; how are you B. That; how you are
C. How; that you are D. What; how you are
14. The trouble is__________ we are short of tools.
A. what B. that C. how D. why that 15. America was __________was first called ―India‖ by Columbus.
A. what B. where C. the place D. there where
16. China is becoming stronger and stronger. It is no longer_________ .
A. what it used to be B. what it was used to being
C. what it used to being D. what it was used to be
17. ________he really means is ________he disagrees with us.
A. What … that B. That … what
C. What … what D. That … what
18. The energy is ________ makes the cells able to do their work.
A. that B. which C. what D. such
19 — I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
— Is that_____ you had a few days off?
A. why B C. when D. where
20 .I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella ____I got wet through.
A. It’s the reason B. That’s why C. There’s why D. It’s how
21. See the flags on top of the building? That was ______ we did this morning. A. when B. which C. where D. what
22. --- Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game?
---Oh, that’s _____.
A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about
C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited
23. What surprised me was not what he said but ______ he said it.
A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which
答案
1——5: DBACC
6——10 :ACDDC
11——15:CBDBA
16——20: AACAB
21——23: DAA
（2）主語從句
1. 定義：用作主語的從句叫做主語從句。
2. 構成：關聯詞 +簡單句
3. 引導主語從句的關聯詞有三類：
（1） 從屬連詞 that 。 如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.
很明顯，她們確是親姐妹，她們的臉型很相似。
（2） 從屬連詞 whether 。如：
Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否會來這裏還不清楚。
（3） 連接代詞 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
連接副詞 where, when, how, why。如：
What she did is not yet known. 她幹了什麼尚不清楚。
How this happened is not clear to anyone. 這事怎樣發生的，誰也不清楚。
Whoever comes is welcome. 不論誰來都歡迎。
Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家 ----我唯一的 家。
解釋：
1. 主語從句能用 it 作形式上的主語。常以 it 作形式主語的句型有：
A. It+be+形容詞 （obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.）+that從句。如：
It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫無疑問她考試成績會很好。
It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告訴她了。
B. It+be+名詞詞組 （no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.）+that從句。如： It’s a pity that we can’t go. 很遺憾我們不能去。
It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我們沒贏這場比賽真意外。
C. It+be+過去分詞 （said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.）+that從 句。如：
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 據說格林先生已經到了北京。
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
據報道中國又成功地發射了一顆人造地球衛星。
D. It+seem, happen等不及物動詞及短語 +that從句。如：
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不來參加晚會。
It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。
E. It+doesn’t matter （makes no difference, etc.）+連接代詞或連接副詞引起的主語從句。如： It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否來這無關緊要。
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我們在哪裏開會毫無區別。
F. 當 that 引導的主語從句出現在疑問句中時，要以 it 作形式主語，而把主語從句後置。如： Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下週那位科學家將給我們作報告是 真的嗎？
Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他們明天不來很要緊嗎？
G . 當主語從句出現在感嘆句中時，要以 it 作形式主語，而把主語從句後置。如：
How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子們這麼安靜真奇怪！
2.注意連接代詞 whoever, whatever, whichever等引導主語從句的含義
Whoever comes will be welcome. （whoever=the person who） 來的人將受到歡迎。
Whatever he did was right. （whatever=the thing that） 他所做的事情是正確的。
Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. （whichever=anyone of you who） 你們當中不論 哪個進來將會得到獎
練習
1. has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.
A. Who B. The one C. Anyone D. Whoever
2. It was he said disappointed me.
A. what ; that B. that; that C. what; what D. that; what
3. we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
4. he said at the meeting surprised everybody present.
A. What B. That C. The fact D. The matter
5. was to return to school.
A. That really interested him B. What really interested him
C. Which really interested him D. That interest him really
6. makes mistakes must correct them.
A. What B. That C. Whoever D. Whatever
7._______ he made an important speech at the meeting was true.
A. That B. Why C. What D. How
8. ________we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A If B Whether C That D Where
9. It worried her a bit ______ her hair was turning gray.
A. whether B. That C. what D. when
I say and think ___ none of your business.
A. is B. are C. has D have
11. Does _______ matter if he can't finish the job on time?
A. this B. that C. he D. it
12. It worried her a bit _______ her hair was turning grey.
A. which B. that C. if D. for
13. _______ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A. There B. This C. That D. It
14. _______ what they told me really true?
A. Has B. Is C. Does D. Have
15. It matters little _____ a man dies, but ____ matters much is ____ he lives.
A. how; what; how B. how; it; how
C. why; it; why D. that; what; that
16. ____ she couldn't understand was ____ fewer and fewer students showed interest
in her lessons.
A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that
17. It is pretty well understood _______ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out
the atmosphere today.
A. that B. when C. what D. how
18. _______ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural
differences from one aspect.
A. What B. That C. This D. Which
19. -What made her parents so angry?
- _______ she had failed in the examination.
A. As B. Because C. Since D. That
20. _______ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
21. -Do you remember _______ he came?
-Yes, I do. He came by car.
A. how B. when C. that D. if
22. It was a matter of _______ would take the position.
A. who B. whose C. whom D. whomever
23. -I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
-Is that _______ you had a few days off?
A. why B. when C. what D. where
24. I read about it in some book or other, does it matter _______ it was?
A. where B. what C. how D. which
25. It is necessary that a college student _______ at least a foreign language.
A. masters B. should master C. mastered D. will master
練習 1-10 D A B A B C A B B A 11-15 DBDBA 16-20 ACBDB 21-25 AAADB
（3）賓語從句
在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句 . 賓語從句分爲三類 :動詞的賓語從句 , 介詞的賓語 從句和形容詞的賓語從句 .
時態：
1. 主句用一般現在時，從句可用任意時態。
2. 主句用過去時，從句用過去某個時態。
3. 主句用過去時，從句是真理時，只用一般現在時。
一、賓語從句的連接詞
從屬連詞
連接賓語從句的從屬連詞主要有 that,if,whether.
that 引導表示陳述句的賓語從句 , 而 if 和 whether 引導表示“是否”的賓語從句 .
He told me that he would go to the college the next year
他告訴我他下一年上大學 .
I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.
我不知道是否還會有公交車 .
Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.
沒人知道他是否會通過考試 .
連接代詞
連接 代詞 主要有 who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever 等 .
連接代詞一般指疑問 , 但 what, whatever除了指疑問外 , 也可以指陳述 .
Do you know who has won Red Alert game?
你知道誰贏了這一局紅警遊戲嗎 ?
I don’t know whom you should depend on.
我不知道你該依靠誰 .
The book will show you what the best CEOs know.
這本書會告訴你最好的執行總裁該瞭解些什麼 .
Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?
你決定好是買諾基亞還是摩托羅拉的電話了嗎 ?
連接副詞
連接副詞主要有 when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however 等 .
He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.
他沒有告訴我什麼時候我們能再見面 .
Could you please tell me how you read the new panel?
你能告訴我怎麼用這個新的操作盤嗎 ?
None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
沒有人知道這些的新的零件能在哪裏買到 .
二、動詞的賓語從句
大多數動詞都可以帶賓語從句
We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger.
我們都預料他們會贏 , 因爲他們的隊員更強壯 .
He told us that they would help us though the whole work.
他告訴我們在整個工作中 , 他都會幫忙的 .
部分“動詞 +副詞”結構也可以帶賓語從句
I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.
我發現這場音樂會的所有票都賣光了 .
Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?
你能計算出這次旅行我們將花費多少錢嗎 ?
動詞短語也可以帶賓語從句
常見的這些詞有 :
make sure確保 make up one’ s mind下決心 keep in mind牢記
Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.
在上交試卷前確保沒有任何錯誤 .
可運用形式賓語 it 代替的賓語從句
①動詞 find,feel,consider,make,believe 等後面有賓語補足語的時候 , 則需要用 it 做形式賓語 而將 that 賓語從句後置 .
I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .
我認爲每天多喝開水是有必要的 .
I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together.
我沒去聚會 , 感覺非常遺憾 .
I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.
我每天寫日記成了習慣 .
We all find it important that we （should） make a quick decision about this mater.
我們都認爲對這件事馬上做出決定很重要 .
②有些動詞帶賓語從句時尋要在賓語與從句前加 it
這類動詞主要有 :hate, take , owe, have, see to.
I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.
我討厭他們滿嘴食物時說話 .
He will have it that our plan is really practical.
他會認爲我們的計劃確實可行 .
We take it that you will agree with us.
我們認爲你會同意我們的 .
When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.
開啓發動機時 , 一定要使汽車的離合器處於空擋位置 .
③若賓語從句是 wh-類 , 則不可用 it 代替
We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.
我們都認爲你所說的是不可信的 .
We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.
我們發現我們所學到的東西都是有用的 .
三、介詞的賓語從句
用 wh-類的介詞賓語從句
We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.
我們正在討論是否讓學生加入我們的俱樂部 .
The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.
這本新書是關於神州 6號載人航天飛船是如何升如太空的 .
用 that,if 引導的介詞賓語從句
有時候 except,but,besides 三個介詞後可見到 that 引導的賓語從句
I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.
對於我的新鄰居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班 , 其他一無所知 .
四、形容詞的賓語從句
常用來引導賓語從句的形容詞有 :
sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised
I am sure I will pass the exam.
我確信我會通過考試 .
I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.
很抱歉我這麼長時間在打擾你 .
He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.
他很高興在他生病的時候李明能去看望他 .
五、 if,whether 在賓語從句中的區別
① if 和 whether 在作 “是否” 解時 , 引導賓語從句常放在動詞 know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之後 , 介詞後一般不用 if
② 少數動詞 , 如 :leave,put,discuss,doubt後的賓語從句常用 whether.
③ whether 後可以加 or not,但是 if 不可以 .
④ 在不定式前只能用 whether.
（如：I can’ t decide whether to stay. 我不能決定是否留下。 ）
⑤ 避免歧異時 , 我們常用 whether 而不用 if.
六、哪些賓語從句不可以省略引導詞 that
當 that 作 learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold 等動詞的賓語時 ; 當賓語從句較長時 ;
當主語狀語置於主句尾 , 賓語從句之前時 ;
當主語謂語動詞 （包括非謂語動詞 ） 與賓語從句之間有插入語時 ;
當一個動詞帶有兩個或兩個以上賓語從句時 , 此時第一個 that 可以省略 , 第二個 that 不可以 省略 ;
當賓語從句中的主語是 this,that 或 this,that 做主語的定語時 ;
當賓語從句是雙賓語中的直接賓語時 ;
當賓語從句的主語是非謂語動詞或主語從句時 ;
當主語中的謂語動詞是固定詞組時 ;
當賓語從句有 it 做其先行詞時 ;
在直接引語中 , 轉述分句把賓語從句隔開時 .
七、賓語從句的否定轉移
主句的謂語動詞是 think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess 等 , 並且主句的 主語是第一人稱而且爲一般現在時 , 從句的否定詞一般要轉移到主句上來 , 其反義疑問句一般 與賓語從句一致 .
I don’ t think he will come to my party.而不能說成 I think he won’ t come to my party. 我認爲他不會來我的舞會 .
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?
我認爲那個人不是 Jim 所殺的 , 是不是 ?
如果賓語從句中有某個含有否定意義的形容詞或副詞 , 其反義疑問句要用肯定形式 . We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?
我們發現他從來不仔細聽老師講課 , 是不是 ?
八、賓語從句的時態和語序
當主句爲現在時或將來時 , 賓語從句的時態一般不受主句的時態所影響 .
當主句爲過去時
①從句用一般過去時或過去進行時表示與主句謂語動詞動作同時發生
I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didn’t know what country he was in.我只知道他當時在西方的一個國家讀書 , 可不知道是哪個國家 .
He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.
他問我他進來的時候我是否正在讀 <<老人與海 >>.
②從句過去完成時表示該動作發生在主句謂語動作之前
He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.
他告訴我他已經把有關會議的事情告訴的了 Mary.
③從句謂語用過去將來時表示該動作發生在主句謂語動作之後
The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do. 記者問政府是否會採取必要的措施鎮壓騷亂 .
如果從句是一個客觀真理 , 那麼從句的時態不根據主句的時態而變化
The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.
老師昨天說月亮繞着地球轉 .
當賓語從句的引導詞是 who,which,what,when,where,how,why 等表疑問時 , 不能按正常語序 安排 , 經常將這類引導詞置於句首
Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?
你認爲今年公衆會選誰爲他們最喜歡的歌手 .
賓語從句（版本二）
學習賓語從句要抓住三要素：連接詞、語序和時態。
1. 連接詞
連接詞一般都是 that（指事務或人 ），which （指事） ,who （指人）
1.從句爲陳述句，常選擇連接詞 that 或將 that 省略，直接與主句相連。
2.從句爲一般疑問句，常選擇連接詞 if 或 whether 。在 whether ? or not 結構中不能用 if 替換。
3.從句爲特殊疑問句，常選擇 what,when,where,which,who,how 等的疑問代、副詞作連接 詞。
注意：當 who 爲主語時，句式爲：who+謂語 +其他
2. 判斷時態情況：
1. 主句是一般現在時，從句爲各種時態情況。
2. 主句是一般過去時， 從句爲各種相應過去時態注意：從句描繪客觀事實， 用一般現在時。 eg:
1. The teacher told the children that the sun____round.
A. was B. is C. were D. are
2. I believe that our team____the basketball match.
A. win B. won C. will win D. wins
3. I don’ t know____to visit the old man.
A. whether B. if C. that D. who
soldiers soon reached（ ）was once an old temple（ ）the villagers used as a school. h;where ;which e;which ;where
答：選 B ,動詞 reach 後接賓語從句，從句缺少賓語， where 不可， which 引導賓語從句時 表疑問含義“哪一個?”而此句中並非疑問含義，不知道哪一座廟宇，而是用 what 從句表 陳述含義，意“過去的一座舊廟宇” ; temple 後爲對其修飾的定語從句，用關係代詞 which 代替，並在從句中作動詞 used 的賓語， use sth. as?“把?用作?
賓語從句（版本三）
賓語從句，在複合句中作賓語，位於及物動詞後。
eg .
Tell him which class you are in .
Do you know what he likes?
注：
（1）主、從句時態一致：
主句謂語過去時，從句相應過去時;
He answered that he was listening to me.
主句謂語現在時，從句時態任所需;
eg . He says （that） he will leave a message on my desk.
They know （that） he is working hard.
具體過去永不變，真理格言現在時;
eg . He told me that he was born in 1980.
Father told me that practice makes perfect .
（2）否定前移，及完成反意問句
在 think / believe / suppose / guess / imagine / expect等動詞後跟賓語從句否定式時，應轉移 到主句上去，完成反意問句時，應與從句主、謂保持一致。 （注 : 否定前移的條件是，主句 主語是第一人稱）
eg . I don't think you are right ,are you ?
I don't believe they have finished their work yet,have they ?
（3）運用虛擬語氣的情況
在表示：
建議 suggest , advise
要求 demand 、 desire 、 require 、 request 、 propose ;
決定 decide;
命令 order 、 command;
堅決主張 insist;
等動詞後跟賓語從句，用（should）+v.（虛擬語氣）
eg.I suggested that you（should）study hard.
He ordered that we should go out at once.
（4）賓語從句後置情況
如果賓語從句後有賓語補語，用it作形式賓語，把賓語從句後置
may think it strange that he would live there.
（5）賓從中that不可省略的情況
賓語從句that常可省略，但在以下情況下不能省略
A.當主句謂語動詞帶有兩個或兩個以上賓語從句時，可以省略第一個that,其他不能省略。
eg.I believe（that）you have done your best and that things will get better.
B.當it作形式賓語時
made it clear that she had nothing to do with him.
C.當賓語從句前置時
our team will win,I believe.
[編輯本段]賓語從句（版本四）
一、定義和賓從例句分析
賓語從句就是一個句子作動詞或介詞的賓語。
A 作動詞的賓語：
I heard the news.
主語謂語動詞名詞作賓語
I heard that he would come here later on.
主語謂語動詞一個句子作賓語---賓語從句
B 作介詞的賓語：
He said nothing about the plan.
主語謂語動詞代詞作動詞的賓語介詞名詞作介詞的賓語
He said nothing about who broke the window last night.
主語謂語動詞代詞作動詞的賓語介詞一個句子作介詞的賓語
二、帶有賓語從句的複合句的構成
帶有賓語從句的複合句就是用連接詞把一個主句和一個賓語從句連接在一起。連接詞有： that（可省略），what, who, when, where, why, which, if, whether, how.
1 He suggested （that） we should clean the corridor every day.
賓語
2 He told me （that） he would leave Dalian airport at 8pm.
間接賓語直接賓語
3 He told me where he was going to travel that summer.
間接賓語直接賓語
4 He wanted to know what the manager had said at the meeting.
who hadn’t passed th e exam.
when she would leave this building.
why she cried last night.
where she was going to study.
which student was his partner in the short play.
if （whether） Tom could play basketball with him that morning.
how she managed to solve the problem.
why water flows from a high position to a lower position.
在例子4中，當主句是過去時態時（一般過去時，過去進行時，過去將來時，過去完成時），從句根據不同情況必須使用過去時態的一種，（大自然的現象和真理除外）。
5 He is wanting to know what I can cook for dinner.
who broke the window yesterday.
when I can have a holiday.
why I failed the exam yesterday.
where I should have dinner with my friend tonight.
which book is the best one.
if （whether） I have passed the exam.
how my cat escaped from the room last night.
在例子5中，當主語是現在時態時（一般現在時，現在進行時，一般將來時，現在完成時），從句可根據不同情況使用各種時態。
三、注意
A 賓語從句必須用陳述語序。
False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.
Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.
B 有時候可以用it 作形式賓語，而把真正的賓語從句放在後面。
Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible.
Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.
Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment.
Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.
C 帶有賓語從句的複合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。
Bad: I think he doesn’t like the Englis h teacher.
Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher.
D 主句一般過去時態，從句也要用過去時態;具體細節請看第一部分。
False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner.
Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner.
unit7 topic2
d you mind if…？/Would you mind +（形代）+Ving…？
回答：Of course not./No,not at all./Yes,youd'd better not.
2.①He runs less fast than me./He doesn't run fast as me.
②prefer …to… like…better like…best
③Cars cost 100 times as much as bikes.
I run 3 times as fast as you./I run 3 times faster than you.（倍數+比較級+…）
④越來越… The more you eat,the fatter you are.
越來越瘦thinner and thinner
越來越漂亮more and more beautiful
⑤He runs faster than me./He runs fastest of all
（4）同位語從句
在複合句中充當同位語的名詞性從句稱爲同位語從句。同位語從句是名詞性從句（主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句）中的主要從句之一，也是中學英語學習中的重點語法知識點之一。在使用同位語從句時，應注意以下五個方面：
一、同位語從句在句中的位置
1. 一般情況下同位語從句跟在某些名詞（如news,idea,fact,promise,hope,message 等）的後面，用以說明該名詞所表達的具體內容。例如：
The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly. 我們女排贏得冠軍的消息大大地鼓舞了我們所有人。
I've come from Mr Wang with a message that he won't be able to see you this afternoon. 我從王先生那邊得知一個消息，他說他今天下午不能來看你了。
2. 有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞後，而被別的詞語隔開，在語法上叫做分隔式同位語從句。例如：
The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home. 她突然想起可能在她離開家時沒把門關上。
The story goes that he failed in the College Entrance Examinations again. 據說他高考又落榜了。
二、同位語從句前名詞的數
同位語從句前的名詞通常用單數形式，並且往往帶有限定詞（word除外）加以修飾。例如：
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?你在哪兒聽說我不能來？
Give me your promise that you will come to our party this evening. 答應我，你今天晚上要來參加我們的晚會。
Word came that China launched its first manned spaceship on Oct 15,2003. 消息傳來，中國於2003年10月15日首次成功發射了載人飛船。
三、同位語從句連接詞的選用
在英語中，引導同位語從句的詞通常有連詞（that,who,whether），連接副詞（how, when,where）等。例如：
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 對你生病這件事，他們都很焦慮。
The question who should do the work requires consideration. 誰該做這項工作，這個問題需要考慮。
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 我們還沒有決定到什麼地方去度暑假。
注：在名詞doubt“懷疑”後的同位語從句用whether連接;在no doubt“不懷疑”之後的同位語從句用that連接。例如：
We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time. 我們懷疑他們是否能準時完成任務。
There is no doubt that Zhang Wei will keep his promise. 我們相信張衛會守信的。
同位語從句：that
有些名詞的後面可以接that引導的同位語從句：
We came to the decision that we must act at once. 我們做出決定：我們必須立即行動。
He made a proposal that the meeting be postpone. 他提議會議延期。
There was little hope that he would survive. 他倖存的希望很小。
以下名詞常用於以上句型：
advice,announcement,argument,belief,claim,conclusion,decision,evidence,explanation, fact,feeling,hope,idea,impression,information,knowledge,message,news,opinion, order,probability,promise,proposal,remark,reply,report,saying,statement,suggestion, thought,treat,warning,wish,word
同位語從句：whether
whether可以引導同位語從句，而定語從句不能用whether作爲引導詞。
He hasn't made the decision whether he will go there. 他還沒有做出決定是否去那裏。
I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job. 他是否適合這件工作我有點懷疑。
同位語從句：what
what可以引導同位語從句，而定語從句不能用what作爲引導詞
I have no idea what he is doing now. 我不知道他現在在幹什麼。
同位語從句：how
how可以引導同位語從句，而定語從句不能用how作爲引導詞
It's a question how he did it. 那是一個他如何做了此事的問題。
同位語從句：who等
who,whom,which,when,where,why用來引導同位語從句
The question who should do the work requires consideration. 誰該幹這項工作，這個問題需要考慮。
She raised the question where we could get the fund. 她提出這個問題：我們到哪兒去搞這筆資金。
測試：用適當的連接詞填空：
worried her a bit her hair was turning gray.
2. I have no idea we can do with these waste materials.
3. the doctor really doubts is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
4. It is hoped nature will never be destroyed.
5. do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow?
6. ---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
---- Is that you had a few days off?
7. Word came I was wanted at the office.
8. Do you know of them will be our new headmaster?
9. The teacher didn't tell me we were wrong.
10. It's generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.
1. that
2. what
3. what, whether
4. that
5. who
6. why
7. that
8. which
9. where 10. whatever
（5）不定式的構成
1. 不定式的構成
不定式是由不定式符號to+動詞原形構成，在某些情況下to也可省略。
不定式一般有時式和語態的變化，通常有下表中的幾種形式（以do爲例）：
主動式
被動式
一般式
to do
to be done
完成式
to have done
to have been done
進行式
to be doing
/
完成進行式
to have been doing
/
1） 不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式所表示的動作通常與主要謂語的動作同時或幾乎同時發生，或是在它之後發生。如：
They invited us to go there this summer. 他們邀請我們今年夏天去那兒。
He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一邊讓我通過。
2） 不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式所表示的動作在謂語所表示的動作之後發生，它在句中可作表語、狀語、賓語，有時也可作主語、定語等。如：
She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已聽說過這件事。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉讓你等了這麼久。
I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do.
我本來想告訴你這件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。
It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country.
對我來說，在你們國家旅行這麼多地方是一件很榮幸的事情。
3） 不定式的進行式
不定式的進行式表示正在進行的與謂語動詞同時發生的動作。它在句中可以用作除謂語以外的所有成分。如：
It’s nice of you to be helping us these day s. 你真好，這些天一直幫我們。
He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假裝在認真地聽老師講課。
We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here. 我們沒料到你一直在這兒等我們。
4） 不定式的完成進行式
如果不定式表示的動作是謂語所表示時間之前一直進行的動作，就需要用完成進行式。如： They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years. 據說他們已經在西藏工作20年了。We are happy to have been helping each other these days. 我們很高興這些天能互相幫助。
5） 動詞不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式構成。如：
Try not to be late again next time. 儘量下次不要再遲到。
He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我們永遠不要再見到她。
6） 疑問詞+動詞不定式：
不定式和疑問詞whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等連用可以在句中起名
詞的作用，通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain, advise, teach, discuss, find out等動詞後面作賓語，有時也可以充當主語、表語等。如：
On hearing the news, he didn't know whether to laugh or to cry.
聽到這個消息，他不知道該哭還是該笑。
When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什麼時候開會還沒有決定。
The most important problem is how to get so much money.
最重要的事情是如何搞到這麼多錢。
介詞後一般不直接接不定式，但可以接疑問詞+不定式短語作賓語。如：
Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 瑪麗提了一些如何學習英語的建議。
I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道該怎麼做。
（6）-ing分詞的構成
1. -ing分詞的構成
-ing分詞是由動詞原形加詞尾-ing構成。-ing分詞同樣有時態和語態的變化，通常有下表幾種形式（以do爲例）：
主動形式
被動形式
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
-ing分詞的否定形式是由not 加-ing分詞構成。如：
Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.
不知道他的地址，我只好在家裏等着。
His not coming made all of us angry. 他沒來使我們大家都很生氣。
2. -ing分詞的一般式和完成式：
-ing分詞的一般式表示和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時進行的動作;完成式表示在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生的動作。如：
Being a student, he was interested in books. 作爲一個學生，他對書本很感興趣。
Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因爲沒有努力學習功課，他考試不及格。
3. -ing分詞的被動式：
-ing分詞的被動式表示它的邏輯主語是-ing分詞動作的承受者。根據-ing分詞動作發生的時間，-ing分詞的被動式有一般被動式（being done）和完成被動式（having been done）。如： The question being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
He never talked about his having been interviewed by the reporter. 他從來沒談起過他被記者採訪的事情。
Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老師批評以後，他把煙戒了。
注意：在need, want, require, be worth等動詞（短語）後，作賓語的-ing分詞常用主動形式來表示被動含義。如：
Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。
This book is well worth reading. 這本書很值得一看。
4. -ing分詞的語法作用
-ing分詞一方面具有動詞的性質，另一方面也相當於一個名詞或形容詞、副詞，在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語等。
1）–ing分詞（短語）作主語：
Laying eggs is the ant queen''s full-time job. 產卵是蟻后的專職工作。
Saying is easier than doing. 說比做容易。
在下面兩種結構中，-ing分詞也作主語。
①爲了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主語，而把真實主語放在句末。如：
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作無益的後悔是沒有用的。
It''s a waste of time arguing about it. 辯論這事是浪費時間。
②在There is no結構中，通常用-ing分詞。如：
There is no joking about such matters. 這種事開不得玩笑。
There is no holding back the wheel of history. 歷史車輪不可阻擋。
2） -ing分詞（短語）作表語：
His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的愛好是收集郵票。
The problem is quite puzzling. 這個問題很令人困惑。
3） -ing分詞作賓語：
①–ing分詞作動詞賓語。如：I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建議用另一種方法做這件事。
We enjoy attending Miss Li''s class. 我們喜歡聽李老師的課。
②-ing分詞作賓語也可用在複合賓語中作真正的賓語，而用it作形式賓語。如：
I don’t think it possible living in such a cold place. 我認爲住在這麼寒冷的地方是不可能的。Do you consider it any good trying again? 你覺得再試一次會有好處嗎？
③-ing分詞作介詞賓語，經常用在一些短語的後面。如：
I''m against inviting him to dinner. 我反對邀請他來吃飯。
They don’t feel like walking that much. 他們不喜歡走那麼多路。
He went to London in the hope of being a famous painter. 他去了倫敦，希望能成爲一個著名的畫家。
此類短語還有很多。如：look forward to（渴望，盼望）， be proud of（以……自豪）， be responsible for（對……負責）， insist on（堅持）， think of（考慮，想到）， dream of（夢想）， object to（反對，抗議）， hear of（聽說）， prevent…from（防止，阻止）， keep…from（防止，阻止）， stop…from （防止，阻止）， be engaged in（從事於）， depend on（依,依賴）， thank…for（因……而道謝）， excuse…for（因……而道歉）， aim at（目的在於）， devote…to（獻身於）， set about （着手做）， be/get used to（習慣於）， be fond of（喜歡）， be afraid of（害怕）， be tired of（對……厭煩）， succeed in（成功地做……）， be interested in（對……感興趣）， be ashamed of（對……感到羞愧）等等。
注意：在有些句子中，介詞常可省去。如：
I have no difficulty （in） communicating with foreigners. 我在和外國人交談方面沒有什麼困難。He used to spend a lot of time （in） playing games. 過去他常花很多時間玩遊戲。
What can prevent us （from） getting married? 有什麼能阻止我們結婚？
另外，-ing分詞可以和一些介詞如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等構成短語，在句中作狀語。如：
He left ahead of time without saying a word. 他一句話也沒說就提前離開了。
Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children.
除了做飯和縫紉以外，她還要照顧四個孩子。
On hearing the news, all the pupils jumped with joy. 聽到這個消息後，所有的學生都高興得跳了起來。
4） -ing分詞作定語：
①單個的分詞作定語一般放在被修飾詞的前面。如：
reading room 閱覽室swimming pool 游泳池dining car 餐車
sleeping car 臥車singing competition 歌詠比賽waiting room 候車室
a waiting car 一輛等待着的車a sleeping child一個酣睡的孩子flying fish 飛魚
the exciting news令人振奮的消息a boring speech令人乏味的演出
②-ing分詞短語作定語應放在被修飾詞的後面，也相當於一個定語從句。如：
Who is the comrade standing by the door? 站在門邊的同志是誰？
They lived in a house facing south. 他們住在一所朝南的房子裏。
③–ing分詞還可以作非限制性定語，相當於一個非限制性定語從句，常用逗號和句子其它部分分開。如：
The words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written by himself.
歌詞一般講當前的工作，大部分是他自己寫的。
When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy. 當她出現的時候，約翰穿着一件又髒又破的大衣高興地跑了過去。
5） -ing分詞做狀語：
-ing分詞作狀語可以表示時間、原因、結果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。
①-ing分詞短語作時間狀語，相當於一個時間狀語從句，有時可由連詞when, while引出。如：
While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 他一邊看書，一邊不時地點頭。Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些畫，他想起了她的童年。
②-ing分詞短語作原因狀語，相當於一個原因狀語從句。如：
Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him. 因爲不知道他的地址，我不能把這本書送給他。
Many of us, being so excited, couldn’t go to sleep that night. 因爲非常激動，那晚我們許多人都沒睡着。
③–ing分詞短語作結果狀語。如：
His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父親死了，留給他許多錢。
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.
她非常生氣，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。
④-ing分詞作伴隨狀語，可以放在句子的前面、後面或中間，表示主語的另一個、較次要的動作。如：
They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky. 他們在那兒站了半小時，觀察着天上的星星。
Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly.
年輕人跟在老人的後面開始慢慢地走起來。
⑤-ing分詞間或也可作條件狀語和讓步狀語，相當於一個狀語從句。如：
A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small.
一個人如站在大山的腳下會發現自己很渺小。
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 儘管知道了一切情況，他們還是要我賠償損失。
注：-ing分詞作狀語時，它的邏輯主語就是整個句子的主語。
⑥―with/without+名詞普通格或代詞賓格+-ing分詞‖結構在句中作狀語，表示伴隨情況或時間、原因等。如：
His hair became grey with the years passing. 隨着時間的推移，他的頭髮變花白了。
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 沒人注意，他從窗戶溜了出去。
6） -ing分詞作補語：
①--ing分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等動詞後面和一個名詞或代詞構成一個複合賓語，作賓語補語。如：
I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.
我下車的時候注意到一個男人匆匆忙忙地從銀行裏跑出來。
Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop.
昨晚，店主在商店裏抓到一個小孩在偷東西。
②上面這類句子也可變成被動語態，這時，-ing分詞可看成是主語補語。如：
We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 讓我們等了好長時間。
Jily was never heard singing that song again. 人們再也沒有聽到吉麗唱這首歌了。
5. -ing分詞的複合結構：
-ing分詞的複合結構通常由物主代詞、人稱代詞賓格、名詞所有格或者名詞的普通格+-ing 分詞構成，在句子開頭時必須用物主代詞和名詞所有格，通常在句中作主語和賓語。如： His coming made us very happy. 他的到來使我們大家都很高。
He was awakened by someone’s knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲門聲吵醒了。
1. –ing分詞作主語和表語時與不定式的區別：
-ing分詞和動詞不定式作主語和表語的主要區別在於：在表示比較抽象的一般的多次性行爲時多用-ing分詞;在表示具體的或一次性的動作，特別是將來的動作時，多用不定式。如： Smoking is forbidden here. （泛指吸菸）這裏禁止吸菸。
It’s not good for you to smoke so much. （指你吸菸）吸這麼多煙對你的身體不好。
My job is teaching. 我的工作是教書。
My job is to teach you English this term. 我這一學期的工作是教你們英語。
2. 高中階段能接-ing分詞作賓語的常見動詞：
mind（介意）， suggest（建議）， enjoy（欣賞，）， admit（承認）， appreciate（感激，欣賞）， avoid （避免）， delay（推遲）， dislike（不喜歡，厭惡）， escape（逃脫）， finish（完成）， forgive （寬恕）， imagine（想象）， keep（保持）， miss（錯過）， practise（訓練）， resist（抵抗，抵制）， risk（冒險）， deny（拒絕，否認）， consider（考慮）等。
3. 有些動詞既能接不定式，又能接-ing分詞，含義有所不同。如：
①forget, remember, regret等詞後面接不定式表示不定式動作後於謂語動作，而後接-ing分詞作賓語表示分詞動作先於謂語動作。如：
Do you remember seeing me before? 你記得以前見過我嗎？
Remember to lock the door when you leave. 離開時要記得鎖門。
②動詞mean, stop, try, go on等動詞後面接分詞和接不定式作賓語，意思也有所不同。如：
I try not to think about that. 我儘量不去想那件事。
Would you please try doing that again? 請你再試一次好嗎？
I mean to change it for another one. 我想換成另外一個。
Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 誤了這班車就意味着再等一個小時。Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit.
做完練習以後，我們繼續學習下一單元的單詞。
After a short rest, they went on working. 短暫地休息以後，他們又繼續工作。
He stopped talking when the bell rang. 鈴響的時候，他停止了講話。
While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times. 工作的時候，他不時地停下來和湯姆談話。
注意：有時人們把stop後的動詞不定式理解爲目的狀語。
③動詞allow, advise, forbid, permit等可直接跟-ing分詞作賓語，不可以接動詞不定式作賓語，但可接不定式作賓語補語。如：
Please permit me to say a few words. 請允許我說幾句話。
We don’t permit smoking here. 我們這兒不允許吸菸。
④動詞need, require, want作―需要‖解時，後面接-ing分詞或不定式的被動式。如：
The room wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 這個房間需要打掃。
These little children require looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully.
這些小孩需要細心地照料。
⑤動詞like, hate, prefer等後面，如表示一般性動作，多用-ing分詞;如指特定的具體的某次動作，多用不定式。如：
I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim with you. 我喜歡游泳，但我不喜歡和你一起游泳。
I prefer walking to school every day. 我情願每天步行去學校。
I prefer to stay at home today. 今天我情願呆在家裏。
⑥動詞begin, start後面，如表示有意識地開始做某事，常用-ing分詞，否則用不定式更多一些。如：
We began to do that job last year. 我們去年開始做那工作的。
They started talking about the film at once. 他們立刻開始談論那部電影。
注：下面幾種情況多用不定式作賓語：
a. 當start, begin本身用於進行時態時。
When the teacher came into the room, he was starting to write to his parents.
老師走進教室的時候，他正開始寫信給他的父母親。
b. 當start, begin後接表示心理活動的動詞時。
Hearing the news, he started to think of a good way to solve the problem.
一聽到消息，他就開始考慮一個好辦法來解決這個問題。
c. 當句子的主語是無生命的東西時。
We were about to leave when it began to rain. 我們正準備離開，天開始下雨了。
4. -ing分詞作表語的兩種不同含義：
①-ing分詞作表語可以表示主語的內容是什麼。如：
Their job is building houses. 他們的工作是蓋房子。
The real question is getting to know the needs of the people. 真正的問題是瞭解人民的需要。
②-ing分詞作表語還可以表示主語所具有的特徵。如：
This story is very interesting. 這故事很有趣。
The problem is quite puzzling. 這個問題很令人困惑。
①–ing分詞作定語可用來說明被修飾的名詞的用途和性能。如：
reading material 閱讀材料walking stick 手杖fishing pole 魚杆
flying suit 飛行服writing table 寫字檯listening practice 聽力訓練
②-ing分詞作定語還可以表示所修飾的人或物的動作或狀態，在意思上接近一個定語從句，可以表示正在進行的動作，也可表示經常性動作或當時的狀態。如：
developing countries = countries that are developing 發展中國家
a growing city = a city that is growing 發展着的城市
an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起來很普通的房子
a touching story = a story that is touching 一個動人的故事
working people= people who are working 勞動人民
6. 不定式和-ing分詞作賓語補語的區別：
在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官動詞後，既可用-ing分詞構成複合賓語，也可用不定式構成複合賓語，兩者之間有一定的區別。用-ing分詞時，表示動作正在進行;用不定式時，表示動作發生了，即動作的全過程結束了。如：
Do you hear someone knocking at the door? （Someone is knocking at the door.） 有人在敲門你聽見了嗎？
Do you hear someone knock at the door? （Someone knocked at the door just now.） 你聽見有人敲門了嗎？
7. 高中階段常見的帶介詞to的短語，後接-ing分詞或名詞。如：
admit to（承認）， contribute to（捐助、貢獻）， get down to（着手做）， give way to（讓位於）， keep to （堅持、遵守）， lead to （導致），look forward to（期待）， take to（從事）， turn to （求助於）， stick to（忠於、堅持）， point to（指向、表明）， see to （注意、處理）， be used to （習慣於）， devote oneself to （獻身於）， be equal to （勝任的、等於）， be familiar to （爲……熟悉）。
高中階段有一些固定的-ing分詞短語，如generally speaking（一般來說）， j udging from…（根據……來判斷）， considering…（考慮到……）， talking of…（談到……，提到……）， supposing…（假如……）等，它們的邏輯主語和句子的主語不一致。這種短語可以被稱之爲句子的狀語，也可當作一個插入語。如：
Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada. 從他的口音看他一定來自加拿大。Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free.
考慮到他是多麼的窮，我們決定讓他免費聽音樂會。
附錄區分what與that
that 與what從句是中學課本的一項重要語法內容，也是學生易出錯的地方。現將其用法歸納如下：
一、引導主語從句
that與what都可引導主語從句，that在從句中不作句子成分，但不能省略。what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等，不能省略。如：
What he said at the meeting was very important.他在會上所說的非常重要。（賓語）
What surprised us is that he did it alone.使我們吃驚的是他一個人做了那項工作。（主語） That he did it alone surprised us.他獨自完成了那項工作使我們感到吃驚。（that用來引導主語從句，在句中不作成分）
二、引導賓語從句
that與what都可引導賓語從句，that在從句中不作句子成分，一般情況下可以省略，但當有兩個以上的賓語從句時，只能省掉第一個that。what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等，不能省略。如：
They stopped to see what was happening.他們停下來看發生了什麼事情。（主語）
The teacher got angry because of what the boy had done.那個男孩子做的事情讓老師很生氣。（what在賓語從句中作賓語）
All the people believed that it was right to rescue the temple.所有的人都認爲拯救古廟是正確的。（that在賓語從句中不作句子成分且可省略）
We must believe that each one of us is able to do something well and that when we discover what this something is we must work hard at it until we succeed.我們必須相信，我們每一個人都能把某件事情辦好;而且，當我們發現這事情是什麼的時候，我們就必須努力幹下去，直到成功爲止。（第一個that可省略，第二個that不能省略）
三、引導表語從句
that與what都可引導表語從句，that在從句中不作句子成分，且不能省略;what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等，不能省略。如：
Mary is no longer what she used to be.瑪麗不再是從前那樣了。（what在表語從句中作表語） The question is what we should do to prevent him from going.問題是我們怎樣做才能阻止他去。（what在表語從句中作動詞do的賓語）
The reason why he didn’t come today is that his m other is ill.他今天沒來的原因是他母親病了。（that只起連接作用）
四、引導同位語從句
that與what都可引導同位語從句修飾表示抽象概念的名詞，對所修飾的名詞的具體內容進行詳細闡述。這類名詞有：fact, idea, news, hope, belief, promise, thought, suggestion, proposal 等。that在從句中不作句子成分，但不能省略。what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等，不能省略。如：
I have no idea what we should do next.我不知道我們下一步該做什麼。（賓語）
He made a promise that he would study hard.他許諾要努力學習。（that只起連接作用）
The boy expressed his hope that he would be a pilot when he grows up.那個男孩兒表達了他長大後想當一名飛行員的願望。（that只起連接作用）
五、引導定語從句
that可引導定語從句且在定語從句中作主語或賓語，that既可指人也可指物。that在從句中作賓語時可省略。如：
This is one of the buildings that were built last year.這是去年建的樓房之一。（that在定語從句中作主語，指物，不能省略。）
The doctor that you met in the street yesterday came here 20 years ago.你昨天在街上遇到的那位醫生二十年前就來到這裏了。（that 在從句中作賓語，指人並可省略。）
注意：what不能引導定語從句。如不能說：
did all what he could to save the patient.
what he needs is more time.
應將句中的what改爲that,或去掉what,還可以將以上兩句中的all去掉，但兩句的結構發生了根本的改變：句1中的what引導賓語從句，句2中的what引導主語從句。
六、引導狀語從句
so…that, such …that, so that結構引導狀語從句。what不能引導狀語從句，但whatever, no matter what可引導讓步狀語從句。如：
He made such rapid progress in English that before long he could write articles for an American newspaper.他的英語進步很快，不久就能爲美國的一家報社寫文章了。
Put the little plants in the shade so that the sun won’t burn them.請把幼苗放在陰涼處以免太陽曬枯它們。
Don’t believe him no matter what he says.無論他說什麼，都不要相信他。
一、引導詞what與that在引導名詞性從句的用法區別引導主語、賓語或表語從句時，what 在從句中要充當句子成分;而that引導主語、賓語、表語和同位語從句時，不作任何成分，只起語法連接作用。試比較：
That George W. Bush won the presidency once again was what many people hadn't expected.喬治？布什再次贏得總統大選，這是很多人沒有預料到的。
It is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we lose it.事情往往是這樣，失去之物，方知珍惜。
二、引導詞what與that在引導定語從句的用法區別首先，要記住在定語從句中，跟本不用what連接詞。只有that和which.所以大家在做題中，如果是定語從句，就不要再考慮what 了。That 在定語從句中，一般可以作從句的主語。賓語和表語。例如：
1、（2005北京春季卷）Do you still remember the chicken farm ____ we visited three months ago?
where B when C that D what
「分析」C 定語從句連詞，that做從句visit的賓語。沒有what連詞。
2、He is not the naughty boy that he used to be.他不再是從前那個調皮的男孩了。
對引導詞that與what的考查
【考點】that引導名詞性從句時，不作任何句子成分，只起連接詞的作用，且本身不具任何意義，表示一種肯定的概念。that引導賓語從句時可以省略;what引導名詞性從句時， what在句中作主語、賓語或表語，且不可省略。what相當於―名詞+that引導的定語從句‖。
【考例1】
See the flags on top of the building? That was______ we did this morning. （2006全國Ⅰ）
B. which
C. where
D. what
【答案與解析】答案是D。what引導表語從句，且在從句中作did的賓語。what相當於all that。
【考例2】
There is much chance______ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race. （2006 天津）
A. that
B. which
C. until
D. if
【答案與解析】答案是A。that引導同位語從句，對chance的內容解釋說明。that在句中不作任何句子成分，只起連接詞的作用。
【考例3】
____________ makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services. （2006 遼寧）
A. What
B. who
C. Whatever
D. Whoever
【答案與解析】A。what引導主語從句，且在從句中作主語。what相當於the thing that。
B、C、D在句中可以作主語，但在此意義不符。
【考例4】
One advantage of playing the guitar is______
it can give you a great deal of pleasure. （2006 上海）
A. how
B. why
C. that
D. when
【答案與解析】答案是C。that引導表語從句，that在句中不作任何句子成分，只起連接詞的作用。
鞏固性練習：從A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。
1. （2005福建卷）——Is that the small town you often refer to?
——Right,just the one _____ you know I used to work for years.
A that
B which
C where
D what
2. ____ should be done must be done in time.
A What
B All
C Anything
D All what
3. A computer is so useful a machine ______ we can use everywhere.
A that
B which
C as
D what
4（2005天津卷）last month,part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods,from _____effects the people are still suffering.
A that
B whose
C those
D what
5. （2005湖北卷）Her sister has becomes a lawyer,_____ she wanted to be.
A who
B that
C what
D which
6. （07安徽）You can only be sure of _____ you have at present;you cannot be sure of something ____ you might get in the future.
A that;what
B what;/
C which;that
D /;that
7. （07陝西）_____ parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children.
A That
B Which
C What
D as
8. （07上海）____ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general readers.
A That
B What
C Whether
D Where
9. （2006全國卷II）——What did your parents think about your decision?
----- They always let me do ____ I think I should.
A. when B that D. what
10. （2005上海卷）The other day,my brother drove his car down the street at ___ I thought was
a dangerous speed.
A. as B which C. what D. that
1. C 定語從句，one是先行詞
2. A what引導主語從句，做從句中can的主語。這裏what=all that
3. C so……as……連用，屬於定語從句的範圍。
4. B 定語從句，whose從句effects的定語
5. D 非限定性定語從句，沒有that 和what.
6. B 第一空是of的賓語從句，從句中have缺少賓語，因此用what做連詞。第二空something 後面是定語從句。
7. C 主語從句連詞"父母的所作所爲對孩子有終身影響"
8. B主語從句連詞，從句中refer to缺少賓語
9. D 是do的賓語從句
10. D 是介詞at的賓語從句，at 做was 的主語。I think是插入語，可以忽略。
最重要的就是動詞了，它是最容易給我們下絆子的了，?我們先要判斷謂語與非謂語，一個句子不可能出現兩個謂語，兩個句子中如果沒有連詞不可能出現兩個謂語一定有一個非謂語
下一步如果是謂語我們要做的就是判斷時態語態，時態分爲一般過去時一般現在時，現在進行時，現在完成時，過去時……語態也要看，之後纔可以下定論，判斷時態時要根據全文的時態，或者有沒有明顯的時間狀語，一般完成時的時態點就有好多，比如since加點時間……太多了就不一一解釋了，這是謂語
非謂語呢也就特定的幾種形式
to do表未發生將要
doing表主動
done表被動
這纔是短改的大考點
動詞還會考過去式，所以我們書後的表也要認真背
二短改注意
1不能一遍過這是最重要的！！！不論你是不是高手！！！
2格式不能錯
3長腦子，有些錯誤不可能好幾個一樣的類型，如果你改出了好多個這樣的類型，肯定會有錯的
4多記固定搭配
5開頭大小寫
6分清詞性！！！
其實掌握方法之後很簡單，相信你一定會克服這些困難的，加油！
Nothing is impossible！！！
今天就到這裏啦，祝大家學的愉快！
