禁藥引發的奧運冷戰 孫楊再陷爭議

RIO DE JANEIRO — The president of the International Olympic Committee made a plea for unity at the opening cereMony of the Rio Games last week. But that hope is fraying as a growing number of athletes are openly criticizing competitors who have a history of using performance-enhancing drugs.

里約熱內盧——國際奧委會(International Olympic Committee)主席上週曾在里約奧運會開幕式上呼籲所有人團結一致。但隨着越來越多的運動員對曾經使用提高成績藥物的對手發起公開批評，他的希望正在破滅。

The friction has been most pronounced at the swimming competition, where Yulia Efimova of Russia and Sun Yang of China, who have served suspensions for doping, have been vilified by rivals. Whether it is vigilantism or anti-doping activism by athletes who do not trust the Olympic committee, the denouncements have overshadowed some of the athletic performances.

這種摩擦在游泳比賽中最爲嚴重，曾被懷疑使用興奮劑的俄羅斯選手尤利婭•艾芬莫娃(Yulia Efimova)和中國選手孫楊已經遭到了對手的抨擊。不管屬於自作主張的俠義之舉，還是一些對奧委會缺乏信任的運動員發起的反興奮劑行動，這種抨擊都已經讓某些運動員的成績蒙上了一層陰雲。

Where once there was polite, if sometimes awkward, silence, there is now direct confrontation. Much of it is along old political fault lines from the Cold War as, coincidentally or not, athletes from the West go after once-barred athletes from Russia and China.

原來那種禮貌的，偶爾會有尷尬的氛圍，現在已經被直接的衝突取代。不知是否出於巧合，很多衝突都與源自冷戰的舊有政治分歧一脈相承，來自西方的運動員把矛頭對準了曾經遭到禁賽的俄羅斯和中國運動員。

“Anti-doping is all about trust: trusting your competitors, trusting the drug testers, trusting the sports admin types,” said Richard Ings, a former anti-doping official from Australia. “What I believe you are witnessing is evaporated trust. Remember, nearly 100 positives have now been found at the Beijing and London Games.”

“信任是反興奮劑的要義所在：信任參賽者，信任興奮劑檢測者，信任各類體育管理機構，”來自澳大利亞的前反興奮劑官員理查德•英格斯(Richard Ings)說。“我想你正在見證信任的消失。別忘了，現在有將近100人被發現在北京和倫敦奧運會的尿檢呈陽性。

“Sochi was corrupted,” he continued, referring to the 2014 Winter Games. “Russia had state-sponsored doping, and the International Olympic Committee caved in, unlike the International Paralympic Committee.”

“索契那屆很腐敗，”他在提及2014年的冬奧會時說。“俄羅斯曾經實施得到政府支持的興奮劑計劃，而國際奧委會無所作爲，這與國際殘疾人奧委會(International Paralympic Committee)很不一樣。”

The IOC did not apply a blanket ban on Russian athletes for the Rio Games after the release of a damning report by the World Anti-Doping Agency; the Paralympic committee did bar the Russians from this year’s Paralympics, which begin next month.

在世界反興奮劑機構(World Anti-Doping Agency)發佈了一份能夠證明俄羅斯實施興奮劑計劃的報告以後，國際奧委會沒有全面禁止俄羅斯運動員參加里約奧運會；國際殘委會則全面禁止俄羅斯人蔘加將於下月揭幕的本屆殘奧會。

More and more athletes have clearly had enough, turning typically pro forma news conferences into morality plays.

越來越多的運動員顯然已經受夠了，幾乎把原本走過場的新聞發佈會變成了一出出道德劇。

On Saturday, Australian freestyler Mack Horton was in the warm-down pool before the competition when Sun, his main rival, vigorously splashed him, as if to get his attention.

週六賽前，澳大利亞自由泳運動員馬克•霍頓(Mack Horton)在溫水池裏時，他的主要競爭對手大力地向他濺起水花，似乎要引起他的注意。

“I ignored him,” Horton, 20, said, “because I don’t have time or respect for drug cheats.”

“我沒搭理他，”現年20歲的霍頓說，“因爲我沒時間搭理，也看不起吃藥作弊的人。”

Sun served a three-month suspension in 2014 for taking a banned stimulant.

孫楊在2014年曾因服用一種違禁藥品而被禁賽三個月。

That night, Horton out-touched Sun for the gold medal in the 400-meter freestyle. Horton did not acknowledge him in the water and later called it “a win for the good guys,” although he and Sun did shake hands during the medal ceremony.

那天晚上，霍頓戰勝孫楊獲得了400米自由泳金牌。霍頓在水中沒跟孫楊打招呼，後來還說這“是一場爲好人贏得的勝利”，不過兩人在頒獎儀式上握了握手。

Members of the Chinese swimming team expressed outrage about Horton’s actions, with the team manager Xu Qi calling for an apology. None has been forthcoming.

中國游泳隊對霍頓的行爲頗爲憤慨，領隊徐琦要求霍頓道歉，但並未如願。

“Mack obviously has very strong views about the need for clean sport, as every single one of us does,” said the Australian delegation’s chef de mission, Kitty Chiller. “He has every right to express his views and his displeasure in that sense.”

“關於推廣純淨體育的必要性，霍頓顯然有鮮明的觀點，”澳大利亞奧運代表團團長凱蒂•奇列爾(Kitty Chiller)說。“在這個意義上，他絕對有權表達自己的觀點和不滿。”

Sun went on to win the gold medal in the 200-meter freestyle Monday night.

週一晚上，孫楊贏得了200米自由泳金牌。

“They don’t belong in a sport,” Camille Lacourt, a star French swimmer, said Monday night in comments reported by French newspaper L'équipe. “They should make up their federation of dopers and have fun among themselves. It disgusts me to see people who’ve cheated standing on podiums. Sun Yang, in the 200 free, he pees purple.”

“他們並不屬於體育運動，”據法國《隊報》(L'équipe)報道，該國明星游泳運動員卡米爾•拉古(Camille Lacourt)在週一晚上表示。“他們應該成立自己的服藥者聯合會，自娛自樂。看到作弊的人站在領獎臺上，真讓我噁心。參加200米自由泳比賽的孫楊，尿是紫色的。”

American swimmer Lilly King, 19, cited Horton as an influence when she spoke out Monday about Efimova.

現年19歲的美國游泳運動選手莉莉•金(Lilly King)週一發表對艾芬莫娃的看法時，承認受了霍頓的影響。

King entered the Rio Games with the top time in the world this year in the women’s 100-meter breaststroke. The next fastest swimmer in the lead-up to the competition was Efimova, a 24-year-old Russian whose place at these Olympics was not confirmed until Saturday.

金帶着今年在女子100米蛙泳項目中排名世界第一的成績參加了里約奧運會。賽前排名世界第二的艾芬莫娃直到週六才獲准參加本屆奧運會。

Efimova, the reigning world champion, had served a 16-month doping suspension handed down by swimming’s global governing body, known as FINA, a ban that ended in early 2015. Early this year, Efimova failed a test for the newly banned drug meldonium, but the result was overturned when she appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, arguing that she had already served her penalty.

衛冕世界冠軍艾芬莫娃曾因服用興奮劑被管理游泳項目的全球性體育組織國際泳聯(FINA)禁賽16個月，禁賽期於2015年初結束。今年初，艾芬莫娃沒有通過新近才被列爲違禁藥物的米屈肼的檢測，但她向體育仲裁法庭(Court of Arbitration for Sport)上訴稱，她已經受到過處罰，檢測結果隨後被推翻。

Every time Efimova has raced inside the Olympic Aquatics Stadium, she has been booed. King demonstrated her disapproval in another way. After posting the fastest time in qualifying Sunday afternoon, King wagged her finger to remind everyone who was No. 1.

每當在奧林匹克水上運動體育館裏比賽時，艾芬莫娃迎來的都是一片噓聲。金以另一種方式表達了對艾芬莫娃的不認同。週日下午在預賽中奪得第一後，金伸出一根手指搖了搖，提醒大家誰纔是第一名。

As King looked on from the ready room, where swimmers gather before they race, Efimova won the first semifinal and mimicked King’s move. King went out and won the second semifinal and shook her finger again.

金在游泳選手賽前集合的預備室裏看着艾芬莫娃贏得了半決賽的第一名，並模仿了金此前的舉動。金走出預備室，拿下了第二場半決賽，然後再次搖了搖手指。

In a postrace interview with NBC, King said, “You wave your finger No. 1, and you’ve been caught drug cheating?”

賽後接受NBC採訪時，金說，“你搖着手指炫耀自己排名第一，然後你還被逮到用藥作弊過？”

She added, “I’m not a fan.”

她還說，“不怎麼欣賞她。”

All the finger wagging set the stage for the final Monday night, when their score was settled in the pool. King occupied Lane 4. Efimova was in Lane 5. It was a duel at 100 meters. King turned first at the 50 and hung on to win with a time of 1 minute 4.93 seconds. It was her best time and an Olympic record. Efimova was second in 1:05.50, 0.19 seconds ahead of King’s American teammate Katie Meili.

搖手指大戰爲週一晚上的決賽做足了鋪墊，那天，兩人的成績在泳池中見了分曉。金佔據了第四泳道，艾芬莫娃則在第五泳道上。這是一場100米的對決。金在50米處衝到了前頭，隨後一路領先，以1分04秒93的成績贏得比賽。這是她個人的最好成績，創造了新的奧運會紀錄。艾芬莫娃以1分05秒50的成績排名第二，比金的美國隊友凱蒂•梅里(Katie Meili)快0.19秒。

After the race, King hung on the lane line that separated her from Efimova and splashed twice in Efimova’s lane. King said she did not do it on purpose. But she also studiously avoided any contact with Efimova.

賽後，金曾緊緊抓住把她和艾芬莫娃隔開的泳道線，並兩次在艾芬莫娃的泳道上濺起水花。金說她並非刻意爲之。但她曾刻意避免與艾芬莫娃有任何接觸。

“I don’t think she really wants to be congratulated by me,” King said.

“我不覺得她真想得到我的祝賀，”金說。

What is striking is that the anti-doping chorus in Rio has consisted of newcomers and veterans alike, with Olympic rookies like Horton, of Australia, and King joining the 31-year-old Lacourt and Michael Phelps, who is also 31 and is the most decorated athlete in Olympic history.

值得注意的是，不論新人還是老將，都加入了里約的反興奮劑大合唱，金和澳大利亞的霍頓等奧運新秀，與現年31歲的拉古以及同爲31歲的奧運史上獲獎牌最多運動員邁克爾•菲爾普斯(Michael Phelps)站在了同一陣線上。

“I think what you’re seeing is the desire of Olympic athletes to uphold the values of the Olympic Games without exception,” Adam Nelson, an American shot-putter and activist for athletes’ rights, said in an email Monday.

“我想你已經看到，奧林匹克運動員無一例外地懷有維護奧運價值觀的熱望，”美國鉛球選手、運動員權利倡導人士亞當•納爾遜(Adam Nelso)週一在一封郵件中表示。

Nelson was named the winner of the 2004 Olympic shot-put competition eight years after it was contested when the original champion, Yuriy Bilonog of Ukraine, retroactively tested positive for a banned substance.

納爾遜曾在2004年參加奧運會鉛球比賽。8年後，由於原來的冠軍、烏克蘭選手尤里•比洛諾格(Yuriy Bilonog)沒能通過針對一種違禁物質的尿樣複檢，納爾遜被追認爲那場備受爭議的比賽的冠軍。

“These athletes know, when an athlete cheats, he or she will experience a residual physical benefit for many years,” Nelson added. “But there’s also a residual sentiment that negatively impacts the sport moving forward. The clouds of suspicion that linger over doped athletes who return to competition continue to take a toll on the value of the clean athlete.”

“這些運動員知道，當一個運動員作弊時，他或她在未來許多年裏都可以坐享身體上的優勢，”納爾遜補充道。“但不利於體育運動發展的那種情緒也會殘留很多年。服用過興奮劑的運動員重返賽場時，籠罩在他們身上的懷疑的陰雲，會繼續損害清白運動員的價值。”

There is not yet conclusive evidence on the long-term benefits to performance for athletes who took banned substances earlier in their careers. And as Thomas Bach, the IOC’s president, has repeatedly pointed out, lifetime bans from sports for doping offenses have not proved legally defensible. In the cases of men like Sun and Justin Gatlin, the once-barred American sprinter who has been another target of athletes’ criticism since his return, they are being called out even though the system in place gives them every right to resume competing.

目前尚沒有確鑿的證據能夠表明，運動員如果在早前的運動生涯中使用過違禁物質，從長期來看會讓成績得到多大提高。此外，正如國際奧委會主席托馬斯•巴赫(Thomas Bach)反覆指出的那樣，對使用興奮劑者處以終身禁賽眼下在法律上還站不住腳。以孫楊和賈斯汀•加特林(Justin Gatlin)爲例——後者是美國短跑選手，也曾被禁賽，自迴歸以來便被運動員們當成又一個批評的靶子——他們一直受到批評，儘管在現行體制下他們絕對有重回賽場的權利。

Still, Nelson defended the right of athletes to criticize once-barred competitors.

不過，尼爾森表示，運動員們有權批評曾被禁賽的參賽者。

“It’s not undermining the system,” he said. “It highlights a major flaw in the system. Ms. King could have lost out on an Olympic gold medal future had the events turned out differently yesterday, and she would have had to accept the fact that a known doper beat her. Where’s the spirit of Olympism in that outcome?”

“它不會損害體制的根基，”他說。“它會突顯體制的重大瑕疵。如果昨天的比賽不是那個結果，金可能已經失去了奪得奧運冠軍的機會，並且不得不接受被一個衆所周知的興奮劑服用者擊敗的事實。那樣一來，哪裏還有奧林匹克精神可言呢？”