[科技前沿]語義網

語義網

來源：The Guardian 編輯：Vicki 翻譯：譯言網

各種創新在計算機世界裏不停發生。語義網，一種新的網頁形式，正在互聯網的世界裏起到革命性作用。通過語義網我們可以更加智能地控制我們的設備。通過它，我們還能更好的理解和處理數據內容。我們也可以通過它，增加我們和網頁的互動性，使網頁更好被瀏覽。

現今，開發語義網兩種最重要的技術已經出現：可擴展標記語言(XML)和資源描述框架(RDF)。使語義網的開發稱爲可能。不久將來，我們就可以在現實生活中利用語義網來實現各種服務，使我們的家庭生活更加智能。

另一方面，語義網也可以幫助人類的語言進步。在社區活動中，人與人之間更加和諧。

The Semantic Web

The entertainment system was belting out the Beatles' "We Can Work It Out" when the phone rang. When Pete answered, his phone turned the sound down by sending a message to all the other local devices that had a volume control. His sister, Lucy, was on the line from the doctor's office: "Mom needs to see a specialist and then has to have a series of physical therapy sessions. Biweekly or something. I'm going to have my agent set up the appointments." Pete immediately agreed to share the chauffeuring.
語義網,一種新的網頁內容，可能對計算機世界起到革命意義.當電話響時，娛樂系統正熱情播放披頭四的“我們要盡歡”。在皮特回答之前，他傳送一個信息給他的音響設備，把它們的音量關小。他的姐姐路西從她醫生那裏打電話給他，說：“媽媽需要看一位專家，需要一系列的物理治療。大概兩個星期或者多些。我打算讓我的代理約個時間。“皮特立即答應開車送她們。

At the doctor's office, Lucy instructed her Semantic Web agent through her handheld Web browser. The agent promptly retrieved information about Mom's prescribed treatment from the doctor's agent, looked up several lists of providers, and checked for the ones in-plan for Mom's insurance within a 20-mile radius of her home and with a rating of excellent or very good on trusted rating services. It then began trying to find a match between available appointment times (supplied by the agents of individual providers through their Web sites) and Pete's and Lucy's busy schedules. (The emphasized keywords indicate terms whose semantics, or meaning, were defined for the agent through the Semantic Web.)
在醫生的辦公室裏，路西指令她的語義網的代理商用手持設備瀏覽網頁。代理商嘗試重新從醫生那裏獲取她媽媽藥物治療信息，找尋幾個供應商，在她家二十里範圍內檢查她媽媽最好和最可信的保險計劃。同時開始嘗試從路西和皮特的行程中，找到最好的 預約時間(幾個供應商通過他們的網頁提供這些資料)。(語義網通 過主要的關鍵字來表明語義，意思 ，還是指定的代理)。

In a few minutes the agent presented them with a plan. Pete didn't like it?University Hospital was all the way across town from Mom's place, and he'd be driving back in the middle of rush hour. He set his own agent to redo the search with stricter preferences about location and time. Lucy's agent, having complete trust in Pete's agent in the context of the present task, automatically assisted by supplying access certificates and shortcuts to the data it had already sorted through.
幾分鐘之前，代理商給皮特和路西看了他的計劃，但是皮特不喜歡它。大學附屬醫院是從他媽媽家穿過城鎮，他將在交通不是高峯期開車回家。他要求代理根據時間和地點重新查找。路西的代理完全信任皮特的代理計劃，在存取驗證和快捷鍵的幫助下任務自動 被排序。

Almost instantly the new plan was presented: a much closer clinic and earlier times?but there were two warning notes. First, Pete would have to reschedule a couple of his less important appointments. He checked what they were?not a problem. The other was something about the insurance company's list failing to include this provider under physical therapists: "Service type and insurance plan status securely verified by other means," the agent reassured him. "(Details?)"
沒多久新的計劃就給出了：一個離醫務所更近和更早時間。但是有兩封警告信。第一個是皮特更改了他的幾個次重要的預約，缺席他們沒有問題。其他包括保險公司名單， 沒有包括物理治療的提供者：“服務類型和保險計劃已經被其他方法安全驗證。”代理商將確認他 。

Lucy registered her assent at about the same moment Pete was muttering, "Spare me the details," and it was all set. (Of course, Pete couldn't resist the details and later that night had his agent explain how it had found that provider even though it wasn't on the proper list.)
路西登記了，但是皮特有點不滿：“給我些詳細資料”， 這是我所有資料。(當然，皮特不能拒絕計劃，儘管它不在名單中， 在晚上他讓他的代理解釋。)

Expressing Meaning（表達方式 ）

Pete and Lucy could use their agents to carry out all these tasks thanks not to the World Wide Web of today but rather the Semantic Web that it will evolve into tomorrow. Most of the Web's content today is designed for humans to read, not for computer programs to manipulate meaningfully. Computers can adeptly parse Web pages for layout and routine processing?here a header, there a link to another page?but in general, computers have no reliable way to process the semantics: this is the home page of the Hartman and Strauss Physio Clinic, this link goes to Dr. Hartman's curriculum vitae.
皮特和路西能讓他們的代理處理這些任務，不但要感謝今天的互聯網，還要感謝明天將會出現語義網。今天大部分網頁內容是設計給普通人讀的，不是專給程序來操作。通常計算機能敏捷分隔網頁和常規地處理主題，並可以把它連接到另一個網頁，但是計算機並沒有一種可靠的方法處理語義：這是Hartman和Strauss醫務所的主頁，連接可以帶到Hartman醫生的簡歷的網頁。

The Semantic Web will bring structure to the meaningful content of Web pages, creating an environment where software agents roaming from page to page can readily carry out sophisticated tasks for users. Such an agent coming to the clinic's Web page will know not just that the page has keywords such as "treatment, medicine, physical, therapy" (as might be encoded today) but also that Dr. Hartman works at this clinic on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays and that the script takes a date range in yyyy-mm-dd format and returns appointment times. And it will "know" all this without needing artificial intelligence on the scale of 2001's Hal or Star Wars's C-3PO. Instead these semantics were encoded into the Web page when the clinic's office manager (who never took Comp Sci 101) massaged it into shape using off-the-shelf software for writing Semantic Web pages along with resources listed on the Physical Therapy Association's site.
語義網可以對不同內容進行分類，當軟件代理商瀏覽網頁時候，能夠爲用戶預先處理複雜的任務。當病人來到醫務所的網頁不只是能夠看到“治療，藥，物理治療”等關鍵字(可能今天已經被加密)，而且告訴Hartman醫生在星期一，星期三，星期五工作時間和預約時間。在2001‘s Hal 或者StarWare's C-3PO 不需要人工智能就可以知道這些。利用物理治療聯盟的資源，醫務所的經理用現成的軟件寫語義網。

Keke View：語義網就是能夠根據語義進行判斷的網絡。
　　簡單地說，語義網是一種能理解人類語言的智能網絡，它不但能夠理解人類的語言，而且還可以使人與電腦之間的交流變得像人與人之間交流一樣輕鬆。