雙語科技百科(化學) 第45期:陶瓷的發展

Development of Pottery

陶器的發展

The existence of pottery was a hallmark of the Neolithic Age in primitive society.

陶器的發明是原始社會新石器時代的一個重要標誌。

Pottery shards of more than i0000 years ago were discovered in the Fairy Cave site in Lishui County of East China’s Jiangsu Province, and shards of sandy red pot-tery dating back 10000 years ago were found in the Nanzhuang Culture site in Xushui County of North China’s Hebei Province.

我國已發現距今約10000年新石器時代早期的殘陶片。河北徐水縣南莊頭遺址發現的陶器碎片經鑑定爲10800~ 9700年的遺物。

The site of the Peiligang CultLrre in Xinzheng of Central China’s Henan Province and the site of the Cishan Culture in Wu’an of Hebei Province are early Neolithic sites found in northern China, dating as far back as 7900 years ago. They wereearlier than Yangshao Culture, and potteries of that period were mostly plain color without decorative designs.

河北武安發現的磁山文化和河南新鄭發現的裴李崗文化，是黃河中游地區新石器時代的代表，距今7900年以上。它們早於仰韶文化，該文化的陶器以素面無文者居多。

The site of the Hemudu Culture in Yuyao County of East China’s Zhejiang Prov-ince is another early Neolithic site that flourished 7000 years ago. Grey pottery, red pottery, charcoal-mixed black pottery, and even an occasional piece of painted pottery were found at all these ancient sites.

浙江餘姚河姆渡發現的河姆渡文化距今7000年左右，在該文化遺址也出土了大量的陶器。河姆渡文化的陶器爲黑陶，造型簡單，早期盛行刻畫花紋。

The site of the Yangshao Culture at Yangshao Village in Mianchi County of Henan Province, and at Banpo Village in Xi’an of North China’s Shaanxi Province,inhabited by people who lived in prosperity in a matriarchal clan society, are more than 6000 years old. Large quantities of fine painted pottery were already made at that time.

在河南澠池仰韶村的新石器時代遺址，和陝西省西安市郊的半坡遺址都發現了大量做工精美，設計精巧的彩陶。這兩個新石器時代遺址都屬於母系社會遺址，有6000年以上的歷史。

With the development of the society, the quality of pottery steadily the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, a clear-cut division of labor had already ap-peared among potters. Elegant designs and pictures of flowers and birds were carved on pottery ware during the Warring States Period.Potters in this period intro-duced lead glaze, which made the surface of pottery smooth and fine and added luster to the vessels.

隨着社會的不斷進步，陶器的質量也逐步提高。到了商代和周代，已經出現了專門從事陶器生產的工種。在戰國時期，陶器上已經出現了各種優雅的紋飾和花鳥。這時的陶器也開始應用鉛釉，使得陶器的表面更爲光滑，也有了一定的色澤。

In the Western Han Dynasty the art of glazing pottery became i-colored glaze was also introduced in the Han Dynasty. The renowned Tang Dynasty tri-color pottery with lead glaze was the invention of potters who introduced white, yellow, blue, green, brown, and purple glazes and skillfully applied them in combination. The appearance of Tang tri-color glazed pottery marked the entry of pottery art into an era of greater variety and color.

到了西漢時期，上釉陶器工藝開始廣泛流傳起來。多種色彩的釉料也在漢代開始出現。有一種盛行於唐代的陶器，以黃、褐、綠爲基本釉色，後來人們習慣地把這類陶器稱爲“唐三彩”。唐三彩是一神低溫釉陶器，在色釉中加入不同的金屬氧化物，經過焙燒，便形成淺黃、赭黃、淺綠、深綠、天藍、褐紅、茄紫等多種色彩，但多以黃、褐、綠三色爲主。唐三彩的出現標誌着陶器的種類和色彩已經開始更加豐富多彩。