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　　天花的歷史

The History Of Smallpox

天花的歷史

In Shakespeare’s day, wishing a pox on someone was a terrible curse. Ten percent of the population in 17th century London died gruesomely of smallpox, a virus spread easily by airborne particles or contaminated clothing. Infection began with fever, aches, sneezing, and nausea. Soon a rash of red dots appeared, often covering the skin with dripping scabs. Though some recovered, people could become blind, deaf, or severely scarred from smallpox.

在莎士比亞時代，詛咒某人得天花是非常惡毒的。在17世紀的倫敦，有百分之十的人死於天花這種恐怖的疾病,這是一種可以通過空氣和被污染的衣服傳播的病 毒。患者被感染後的前驅症狀是發燒、疼痛、打噴嚏和噁心。隨後很快出現紅色斑丘疹，而後通常會發展成皮膚上的滴痂。儘管有些人病癒了，但是他們會因此失去 聽覺、雙目失明或者留下很深的疤痕。

None of the physicians’ attempts to treat smallpox with sheep manure or a golden needle helped at all. But European peasants and traditional healers in Africa and Asia had discovered that exposure to a very small dose of the virus offered some protection.

當時的內科醫生嘗試用羊糞或金針幫助治療天花，但是毫無作用。但是歐洲的農民和非洲及亞洲的傳統醫師發現，感染極少量的天花病毒會帶給人體一定的免疫作用。

Traditional healers inoculated scratches in the skin with a small aMount of pus infected with smallpox. About one in 200 people died from this procedure, but most became mildly sick, recovering in a few days. In the process, they gained immunity to the disease.

傳統醫師通過給正常人注射天花患者的少量膿液來進行預防接種。這種治療方法的死亡率是兩百分之一，但是大多數人症狀輕微，會在幾天內恢復。在這個過程中，他們獲得了對天花病毒的免疫力。

Because smallpox inoculation exposed people to such a tiny dose of the virus, it caused far fewer deaths than the natural spread of the disease. Still, London physicians were skeptical of anything peasants or traditional healers did. Not until fashionable Lady Mary Wortley Montagu returned from Turkey did it catch on with the upper classes.

因爲接種天花疫苗時使用的病毒劑量是非常微小的,它所導致的死亡和天花的自然傳播相比是微不足道的。不過,倫敦醫生對農民和傳統醫師的這種治療方法仍舊持懷疑態度。直到瑪麗•沃爾特利•孟塔古從土耳其回國後，這種治療方法纔在上流社會中流行起來。

Having observed Turkish healers, Lady Mary had her son inoculated in London and published a pamphlet explaining the procedure. Soon, even physicians saw that inoculation gave people a better chance of contracting a mild case of smallpox, preventing many deaths.

通過觀察土耳其醫師的治療方法,瑪麗夫人讓她的兒子接受了預防接種，並且在倫敦出版了一個小冊子來解釋這種治療過程。很快，甚至是那些內科醫生也注意到這種接種方法只會讓人們出現輕微的天花症狀，它拯救了很多人的性命。

　　我們爲什麼要刷牙?

Why Do We Need To Brush Our Teeth?

我們爲什麼要刷牙?

Humans may be no less a part of the animal kingdom than lions, tigers and bears, but certain things set us apart. For instance, although like our mammalian cousins we use teeth to bite and chew food, we’re the only animals that brush after every meal.

或許人類的動物屬性一點也不比獅子、老虎和熊少，但某些特徵卻將我們與它們區別開來。舉例來說，雖然我們與其他哺乳動物一樣用牙齒撕咬和咀嚼食物，但我們是唯一餐後刷牙的動物。

Brushing

刷牙

And as four out of five dentists have reminded us on countless television commercials, using one or another variety of toothpaste is crucial for keeping our teeth healthy.

正如五個牙醫中會有四個在數不勝數的電視商業廣告中一直提醒我們的那樣，使用不同種類的牙膏對保持牙齒健康至關重要。

Like that fifth dentist who never seemed to know what was going on, you might have wondered what toothpaste actually is, and how it helps ward off tooth decay.

像永不情知的的第五個牙醫一樣，你可能會疑惑，牙膏到底是什麼，它又如何幫助我們避免齲齒。

What Is In Toothpaste?

牙膏裏有什麼?

Toothpaste consists of several ingredients, some of which you’d never think to put in your mouth. For example, almost all toothpaste contains detergent, or soap. Getting your mouth washed out with soap is supposed to be punishment, so what is it doing in toothpaste?

牙膏含有多種成分，有一些你可能從未想過要把它們放進嘴裏。比方說，幾乎所有的牙膏都含有清潔劑或肥皂。直接用肥皂清潔嘴巴是一種懲罰，那麼牙膏中含有的肥皂是如何清潔牙齒的呢?

Although it has a slight antibacterial effect, it’s there mainly to make foam, which serves little purpose other than to provide a visual sign to the brusher that the toothpaste is hard at work fighting cavities.

儘管肥皂有輕微的抗菌作用，但它主要是製造泡沫，這些泡沫除了向刷牙的人傳遞牙膏能有效抗擊齲齒的視覺信號外毫無作用。

Ingredients

成分

Of course some ingredients play a more active role, the most famous of which is fluoride, a mineral compound derived from the element fluorine. Fluoride protects teeth in two ways: it kills acid-producing bacteria which are mainly responsible for tooth decay, and it strengthens and repairs tooth enamel that has been softened by the acid.

當然牙膏裏有一些成分在發揮着更爲積極的作用，當其中最廣爲人知的還是氟化物，這是一種從氟元素中提取出來的無機化合物。氟化物以兩種方式保護牙齒：首先，它能夠殺死齲齒元兇-造酸細菌;另外，它還可以固化、修復被痠軟化的牙釉質。

So far as we know, the only drawback to using toothpaste is that it makes drinking orange juice after brushing a pretty unpleasant taste experience. But that’s a small price to pay for healthy teeth.

據我們所知，使用牙膏的唯一缺點在於：它使人們刷牙後飲用橙汁成爲一種相當不悅的味覺體驗。但這只是爲牙齒健康付出的一點小小代價。