非謂語動詞的時態和語態問題
一、非謂語動詞的時態問題不定式或動詞的-ing形式(包括現在分詞和動名詞)的動作若發生在謂語動詞的動作之前，用完成式，否則就用一般式。
例：1. I don’t know whether you happen ________, (遼寧卷)
A. to be heard
B. to be hearing
C. to hear
D. to have heard
【分析】答案選D。hear發生在謂語don’t know之前，用不定式的完成式。句意是：我不知道你是否已經聽說過了，今年九月我要去美國學習。
2. The old man, ________ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. (江蘇卷)
A. to work
B. working
C. to have worked
D. having worked
【分析】答案選D。work發生在謂語(返回祖國)之前，用現在分詞的完成式作狀語，表示時間，相當於after he has worked abroad…不定式作狀語不能表示時間。
“We can’t go out in this weather,” said Bob, ________ out of the window. (四川卷)
A looking B. to look C. looked D. having looking
【分析】答案選A。look out of the window與謂語動詞said同時發生，用現在分詞的一般式作狀語，表示伴隨情況。若表示不定式的動作與謂語動作同時發生，並強調正在進行的情景或持續性，可用進行式。如：若表示不定式的動作與謂語動作同時發生，並強調正在進行的情景或持續性，可用He seems to be reading a newspaper. 他好像在看報。
二、非謂語動詞的語態問題當不定式或動詞的-ing形式與其邏輯主語是主動關係，用主動式；是被動關係，用被動式。如：Little Jim should love ________ to the theatre this evening. (全國卷)
A. to be taken
B. to take
C. being taken
D. taking
【分析】答案選A。句子主語Little Jim與take是被動關係，“被帶去看戲”發生在“想(should love=want)”後，所以用不定式的被動式作賓語。說明：①動詞不定式用主動形式表被動含義的情況：在作表語或賓補的形容詞後用狀語時；作定語修飾have, there be, this / that / these / those be等後面的名詞或代詞時；作表語的to blame等。如：1. The text is difficult to learn. 這篇課文很難學。(to learn主動表被動)2. We found the text difficult to learn. 我們覺得這篇課文很難學。(to learn主動表被動)3. He was to blame for that. 他因此受到了責備。(作表語的to blame主動表被動)
4. I’m going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything ________ ? (上海卷 ________ )A. to be buying
B. to buy
C. for buying
D. bought
【分析】答案選B。表示“有…要…”，常用不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。②need, want和require表示“需要表示”，主語通常是物時，後面除用不定式的被動式外，也可用-ing形式的主動形式表示被動。如：There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars ________ road conditions need ________. (上海卷)
A. that; to be improved
B. which; to be improved
C. where; improving
D. when; improving
【分析】答案選A。need improving=need to be improved。that引導的從句與problem是同位語。
