退歐的英國仍想留在歐洲單一市場

LONDON — Four days after a decisive vote to leave the European Union, Britain was consumed on Monday with questions of when and how the country’s departure from the bloc will happen — and increasingly, of whether it will happen at all.

倫敦——在決定性的脫歐公投結束四天後，本週一，英國糾纏在一些問題上：何時以及如何離開歐盟——還有越來越多的人發問，是否真的會退出歐盟。

The immediate outcome of Thursday’s referendum was not the promised clarity but an epic political muddle and a policy vacuum that invited more confusion and turmoil throughout the day in Britain, on the Continent and in the financial markets.

上週四公投的直接結果並沒有帶來預想的清晰度，而是造成了巨大的政治混亂和政策真空，使得當天英國、歐洲大陸及金融市場出現了更多的困惑和震盪。

leaders on both sides of the Channel said there was no viable option but to move gradually toward the withdrawal process. Yet the day’s developments did little to dispel the possibility that the crisis could drag on for a long time, possibly generating enough economic and political damage to encourage negotiation of a new arrangement between Europe and Britain that would sidestep the need for a formal withdrawal or at least minimize its effects.

英吉利海峽兩岸的領導人均表示，沒有其他可行的選擇，只能逐漸朝着脫離歐盟的進程前進。然而，當天的事態發展也沒有打消這場危機可能會拖上很長一段時間的可能性。這或許會造成巨大的經濟和政治危害，促使歐洲和英國談判出一種新的安排，從而讓英國不再需要正式脫歐，或者至少是減少其影響。

Prime Minister David Cameron and leaders of the campaign to leave the bloc stuck to their positions that they would not move quickly to trigger formal talks on withdrawal, even as European leaders turned up the pressure on Britain to get on with it.

儘管歐盟領導人開始對英國施壓，想讓他們行動起來，但英國首相戴維·卡梅倫(David Cameron)和脫歐運動的領導人都堅持自己的立場，宣稱他們不會迅速採取行動，觸發正式的脫歐會談。

Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany met in Berlin late Monday with her French and Italian counterparts. She signaled that any decision on how to negotiate a withdrawal would have to await a meeting of all 28 EU countries on Tuesday and Wednesday in Brussels.

週一晚間，德國總理安格拉·默克爾(Angela Merkel)在柏林與法國和意大利同行會面。她表示，關於英國脫歐談判的任何決定，都要等到歐盟全部28個成員國於週二和週三在布魯塞爾召開會議時做出。

The financial markets continued to pummel stocks and the value of the British pound, at one point sending the currency to its lowest level against the dollar in more than three decades. And Standard & Poor’s, the ratings agency, downgraded Britain’s credit rating, reflecting concern about the economic implications of the so-called Brexit vote.

在金融市場上，股票和英鎊繼續下挫，一度跌到30年來英鎊對美元匯率的最低水平。評級機構標準普爾(Standard & Poor’s)也下調了英國的信用評級，顯示了對脫歐公投結果帶來的經濟影響的擔心。

Cameron has announced that he will step down, and both his governing Conservative Party and the opposition Labour Party were consumed by internal warfare on Monday, leaving the country lacking strong leadership as it confronted new demands for a referendum on independence for Scotland.

卡梅倫宣佈他將辭職。他所在的執政黨保守黨(Conservative Party)和反對黨工黨(Labour Party)週一都陷入了內部爭論，導致該國在面臨蘇格蘭再次要求獨立公投的時候，缺乏強有力的領導力。

Leaders of the Leave campaign, including Boris Johnson, the former London mayor who is now a leading candidate to succeed Cameron, notably modulated their tone and some of their positions on Europe, leaving unclear exactly what issues they want to address through a withdrawal.

脫歐運動的領導者，包括倫敦前市長、呼聲最高的卡梅倫繼任候選人之一鮑里斯·約翰遜(Boris Johnson)在內，明顯調整了他們的語氣和對歐洲的部分立場，導致大家不清楚他們到底想通過脫歐來解決什麼問題。

In the first meeting of Parliament since the referendum, Cameron said he considered the vote binding, though he reiterated that he would leave to his successor the decision to trigger the formal withdrawal process. “The decision must be accepted and the process of implementing the decision in the best possible way must now begin,” he said.

在公投後舉行的第一次議會會議上，卡梅倫表示，他認爲這次投票有約束力，但他重申，他將讓繼任者來決定如何觸發正式的脫歐進程。“這個決定必須獲得大家的接受，儘可能好地執行這個決定的過程也必須從現在就開始，”他說。

About three-quarters of lawmakers had supported remaining in the EU. A senior Conservative lawmaker, Kenneth Clarke, suggested that Parliament could override the referendum — which is not, in the end, legally binding on the government — while a Labour legislator, David Lammy, called for a second referendum.

大約四分之三的議員支持留在歐盟。資深保守黨議員肯尼斯·克拉克(Kenneth Clarke)認爲議會可以推翻公投結果——終究來說，公投對政府不具有法律約束力——而工黨議員戴維·拉米(David Lammy)呼籲進行第二次公決。

Cameron brushed such ideas aside, but he also made it clear that he would not be the one in charge of Britain’s messy divorce from Europe.

卡梅倫沒有理會這樣的想法，但他也明確表示，自己不會負責英國脫歐這個爛攤子。

The man who might be, Johnson, sought to calm nerves and markets with his first extensive remarks on the way forward, setting out a position that seemed to de-emphasize elements of what the Leave campaign had promised.

這個負責人可能會是約翰遜。他首次發表了關於未來前景的詳盡演講，試圖平息人們的情緒，安撫市場。他在講話中所持的立場，似乎已經不再強調脫歐運動曾經許諾要辦到的那些事情。

He suggested that Britain should take its time before entering separation proceedings with Brussels, and he gave no details about when he would want to start the process. And the vision he sketched out — of a Britain that is still in a trading bloc with Europe — seemed at best difficult to achieve, since the price of membership in the single market has always been the two things the Leave movement explicitly campaigned against: free movement of European citizens across borders and contributions to the bloc’s operating budget.

約翰遜指出，英國在啓動脫離歐盟程序前應該慢慢來；他並未詳細說明自己想要在何時啓動該程序。而他勾勒的英國依然留在歐洲貿易聯盟中這一前景，即便往好裏說也是難以實現的。因爲進入歐洲單一市場一向都要付出代價：允許歐洲公民進行跨越國境的自由遷徙，並負擔一部分歐盟運營成本。而這兩樣都是脫歐運動明確反對的。

Cameron also suggested that the best outcome for Britain now would be a deal in which it retained access to the single market.

卡梅倫也指出，現在對英國來說，最好的結局是達成一項允許其保留進入歐洲單一市場權利的協議。

But there were no signs that European leaders would let Britain off the hook so easily. Although Merkel has signaled a desire not to rush the process of negotiating British withdrawal, most European governments are eager to take a tough line, wanting to make clear to any other nation that might contemplate leaving that there is considerable cost to doing so.

但尚無跡象表明歐洲領導人會讓英國如此輕易地脫離困境。儘管默克爾已經暗示，不必急於啓動與英國脫歐有關的談判，但大多數歐洲國家的政府都迫切地想要採取強硬立場，以便讓其他任何可能考慮脫歐的國家明白，這樣做需要付出相當大的代價。

The few countries that have been given access to the European free-trade zone without joining the EU — notably, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland — all contribute to the blocs budget and accept the its bedrock principle of free movement of workers, the very issues that angered so many of the Britons who voted to leave.

已經獲得歐洲自由貿易區准入資格，但並未加入歐盟的幾個國家——尤其是挪威、瑞士和冰島——都要負擔歐盟的一部分運營成本，並認可其關於勞工自由流動的基本原則，而許多英國人恰恰是因爲這些問題才怒火中燒，投票贊同脫歐的。

Meeting in Berlin, Merkel, President François Hollande of France and Prime Minister Matteo Renzi of Italy said there would be no discussions, formal or informal, over Britain’s withdrawal until it formally invokes Article 50, the provision in the bloc’s governing treaty that sets out the process for a withdrawal.

在柏林會面時，默克爾、法國總統弗朗索瓦·奧朗德(François Hollande)和意大利總理馬泰奧·倫齊(Matteo Renzi)表示，不會就英國的退出進行正式或非正式的討論，除非英國正式啓用規範歐盟事務的條約中的第50條。該條款規定了退出歐盟的程序。

European leaders are troubled by the prospect of a drawn-out exit inducing deeper financial and economic turmoil, a concern increasingly prevalent in London as well. On Monday morning, George Osborne, the chancellor of the Exchequer, tried to calm the markets, citing Britain’s underlying economic strengths, the greater resilience of its financial system after the 2007-08 crisis, and the readiness of the Bank of England to step in.

歐洲領導人擔心，漫長的退出過程可能會引發更深層次的金融和經濟動盪。在倫敦，對這個問題的擔憂也日益普遍。週一上午，英國財政大臣喬治·奧斯本(George Osborne)試圖穩定市場情緒，提到了英國內在的經濟實力，稱英國金融體系在經歷2007至2008年的危機時相對堅韌，並且英格蘭銀行(Bank of England)已準備好介入。

Markets plunged anyway.

但市場依舊暴跌。

Alex Salmond, a member of Parliament and a former leader of the Scottish National Party, blamed the British government for the political vacuum, saying that neither Cameron nor Johnson had taken ownership of the mess. “If you break it, you own it,” he said.

下院議員、蘇格蘭民族黨(Scottish National Party)前領導人亞歷克斯·薩爾蒙德(Alex Salmond)指責是英國政府造成了政治真空，稱卡梅倫和約翰遜均未能爲當下的混亂局面負責。“如果你打破它，就得負責，”他說。

Cameron summoned his Cabinet and announced the creation of a policy unit of the “best and brightest” civil servants — overseen by Oliver Letwin, a Conservative lawmaker — to orchestrate the withdrawal process. He also said he had met with Prime Minister Enda Kenny of Ireland to ensure that a British departure from the EU, of which Ireland is a member, would not endanger the fragile peace in Northern Ireland.

卡梅倫召開內閣會議，宣佈成立了一個由“最優秀和最明智”的公職人員組成的政策小組——由保守黨議員奧利弗·萊特文(Oliver Letwin)擔任組長——安排退出進程。他還表示自己已同歐盟成員國愛爾蘭的總理恩達·肯尼(Enda Kenny)舉行了會晤，確保英國退出歐盟不會危及北愛爾蘭脆弱的和平。

A committee of rank-and-file Conservative lawmakers met on Monday and proposed a timetable to select two candidates for party leader. The party’s roughly 150,000 members would choose between the two, with the goal of selecting a new leader — and therefore a new prime minister — by Sept. 2.

週一，一個由普通保守黨議員組成的委員會召開會議，提出了選出兩名保守黨領袖候選人的時間表。該黨的約15萬成員將最晚於9月2日在這兩名候選人中選出新領袖，而此人也將成爲新首相。

A decision on the timetable is expected by Wednesday, amid increased speculation that Britain could have a general election this year, after giving the Conservatives a five-year term in May 2015.

有關這份時間表的決定預計將在週三或之前做出。目前，對英國可能會在今年舉行大選的猜測增多。在2015年5月的選舉中，保守黨獲得了五年的執政期。

Johnson is seen as the front-runner to replace Cameron as leader of the Conservatives, but he has made many enemies. The home secretary, Theresa May, who is in charge of domestic security and who advocated remaining in the EU, has emerged as perhaps the most credible alternative.

約翰遜被認爲是取代卡梅倫擔任保守黨領袖的熱門人選，但他樹敵無數。其他人選中，負責國內安全事務並主張留在歐盟的內政大臣特麗莎·梅(Theresa May)的可能性或許是最大的。