孩子討厭上學嗎?這可能是你的錯
Does your child hate school? Then it could be YOUR fault
孩子討厭上學嗎？這可能是你的錯
If you struggle to get your child to go to school in the morning, don't blame them - it could be your fault.
如果你很難讓孩子早起上學，不要責怪他們，因爲這可能是你的錯。
Our willingness to learn - or lack thereof - is significantly influenced by our genes, according to a large study.
一項大型研究顯示，我們的學習意願，或不願學習的意願，受到基因的顯著影響。
The researchers found that 40 to 50 per cent of the differences in children's motivation to learn could be explained by their genetic inheritance from their parents.
研究人員發現，兒童學習動機的差異，有40%-50%可能是遺傳自他們的父母。
Psychologists from Goldsmiths University of London, and Ohio State University in the US studied more than 13,000 twins aged nine to 16 from six countries, including the UK, Canada, Japan, Germany, Russia and the US.
來自倫敦金史密斯大學和美國俄亥俄州立大學的心理學家，研究了6個國家1.3萬名9-16歲的雙胞胎，這些國家包括英國，加拿大，日本，德國，俄羅斯和美國。
The researchers said they were surprised by the results, believing that the twins' shared environment - elements such as the teachers and the family that they had in common - would be a larger factor than genetics.
研究人員說他們對結果感到驚訝，他們認爲共享着相同環境因素，例如老師和家庭的雙胞胎，環境對他們的影響應該比基因大。
Instead, genetics and non-shared-environment factors had the largest effect on the children's motivation to learn, whereas the shared environment had negligible impact.
而結果顯示，基因和非共享的環境因素對孩子的學習動機影響最大，而共享的環境的影響則微不足道。
Accordingly, we should not jump to conclusions that a poor teacher or the child themselves is to blame for a lack of motivation in the classroom, the researchers said. 'We had pretty consistent findings across these different countries with their different educational systems and different cultures,' said Professor Stephen Petrill, of Ohio State University.
因此，研究人員說，我們不應妄下結論，因缺乏學習動力就責備老師或孩子。俄亥俄州立大學的斯蒂芬-帕特瑞爾教授說："從不同國家、不同教育系統和不同文化背景下，我們得到了相當一致的結果。"
'It was surprising. The knee-jerk reaction is to say someone is not properly motivating the student, or the child himself is responsible.
"這很讓人驚訝。因爲我們下意識的反應是指責什麼人沒有正確的激勵學生，或指責孩子本人。但我們發現，孩子所繼承的性格差異本身就對動機有着巨大的影響。"
'That doesn't mean we don't try to encourage and inspire students, but we have to deal with the reality of why they are different.'
"這並不意味着我們不再鼓勵和激勵學生，只是必須瞭解他們爲什麼不同。"
The results don't mean there is a specific gene for how much children enjoy learning, he added, but they suggest a complex process, involving many genes and gene-environment interactions that help influence a child's motivation to learn.
影響孩子學習樂趣的並不是某個特定基因，而是一個複雜的過程，牽涉到很多基因和基因與環境的相互作用，從而影響了孩子的學習動機。
The study will be published in the journal Personality and Individual Differences.
這項研究將發表在人格與個體差異雜誌。
