雅思閱讀考點詞整理
雅思閱讀備考中，我們可以通過分類學習來掌握考點。今天小編爲大家準備的雅思閱讀考點詞，大家可以整理下來，方便我們利用備考中的寶貴時間進行學習和掌握。接下來一起來看看小編爲大家準備的雅思閱讀考點詞。
雅思閱讀考點詞整理
考點詞
雅思判斷題的考點大致可以分爲四類：
第一類：比較考點。
也就是考查單個事物或者多個事物就某一方面特性的比較。
通常來說特徵詞有如下一些：橫向比較：better similar another the other relative most;縱向比較：future next second latter。對於這類考點，考點詞就是比較部分的關鍵詞。例如：10-1-3 is easier for smaller companies to be innovative.
很顯然，按照我們剛纔定位詞的原則來看，smaller companies應該是這句話實際的主語，因此我們可以用它來做定位詞。至於考點詞，因爲此句剛好是比較考點，因此考點詞就是easier。
第二類：數字考點。
顧名思義，只要是題幹出現的數字、百分比、年份、時間區間等等，我們都可以稱之爲數字考點。
數字考點考察的內容，通常來說就兩類，第一，數字的準確性;第二，百分比後的主題，或者說範圍的準確性。例如：
10-1-2 25. The Gothenburg European Council was set up 30 years ago.
定位詞：Gothenburg European Council
考點詞：30 years ago
第三類：絕.對考點。
標誌詞：any never always impossible immediately most every none all fully correctly absolutely等。
只要出現了絕.對的副詞、形容詞，那麼我們的關注重點就應該是此類詞語在原文原句中有沒有相應的表達。
仍然以10-1-1 Examples of ancient stepwells can be found all over the world.
剛纔我們已經判斷出定位詞是ancient stepwells, 而考點詞現在來看就非常清楚了，就是all。
第四類：是非考點。
此類考點多半是陳述句，沒有比較級的詞語，沒有數字，也沒有絕.對的形容詞或者副詞。這類考點反而是雅思考試中佔比重比較大的一類考點。因爲變化或者考察的點比較分散，所以在這裏不展開來講。通常來說，是非考點的陳述句謂語部分是考點。
例如，10-2-3 37. The approach of art historians conflicts with that of art museums.
記住：主語是定位詞，謂語是考點詞。這樣的話：art historians 就是定位詞，而conflict 就是考點詞了。 如果文章說到衝突就對，說到一致就是錯。
雅思閱讀材料大集合：美國人整形爲了自拍?
Plastic surgeons say they're seeing more patients who want facial surgery, and they attribute the rise to social media and the growing "selfie" trend.
據CNET報道，整形外科醫務人員表示現在越來越多的病人想要進行面部整形，他們認爲之所以會出現這種現象，是因爲受到當下社交媒體和愈演愈烈的全民自拍風潮的影響。
In response to a survey conducted by the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, one in three plastic surgeons reported seeing an increase in requests for facial procedures by patients who wanted to look better online. The doctors reported that between 2012 and 2013, they saw a 10 percent rise in nose jobs, a 7 percent rise in hair transplants, and a 6 percent rise in eyelid surgery.
據美國科學院外科整形和再造外科學會發表的報道：接受採訪的整形外科醫院中，有三分之一的整形醫師認爲，越來越多的人想要進行整形手術，因爲這些人都想在網絡上看起來更美麗更英俊。醫生表示，2012至2013年間，隆鼻顧客多出10%，頭髮移植多出7%，雙眼皮手術多出6%。
"Social platforms like Instagram, Snapchat, and the iPhone app , which are solely image based, force patients to hold a microscope up to their own image and often look at it with a more self-critical eye than ever before," Dr. Edward Farrior, president of the academy, said in a news release. "These images are often the first impressions young people put out there to prospective friends, romantic interests, and employers, and our patients want to put their best face forward."
“Instagram, Snapchat，還有iPhone應用等社交平臺，均爲圖片社交，人們被迫仔細端摩自己的照片，用前所未有的自我批判視角對自己進行審視，”該學會主席愛德華?法里奧博士說道。“年輕人在網絡上發佈這些照片是爲了結識新朋友，尋找豔遇，同事也能看到，所以前來整容的顧客都希望自己可以更上相。”
In part because of social media, surgeons reported that plastic-surgery patients are getting younger.
據報道，整形外科手術顧客呈低齡化趨勢，而這或多或少和社交媒體都有些關係。
The annual poll queries a select group of the organization's 2,700 members to get a sense of the latest trends in facial plastic surgery. This year, 58 percent of the doctors surveyed said they saw an increase in patients under 30 coming in for plastic surgery and injections in the last year.
這項年度調查詢問了這個學會的2700名成員，詢問他們對於近來面部整容手術風潮的相關看法。今年有58%的醫生表示，去年一年，越來越多的三十歲以下年輕女性前來接受面部整形手術和麪部注射整容。
The study found that bullying is also a factor in young people deciding to get surgery, "but most surgeons surveyed report children and teens are undergoing plastic surgery as a result of being bullied (69 percent) rather than to prevent being bullied (31 percent)."
研究發現，受到欺侮也是年輕人決定整容的一個原因，“醫患調查結果表明：青少年兒童整容病例中，69%是受到欺凌的結果，預防欺凌佔31%。”
Women are still plastic surgery's primary customers, accounting for 81 percent of all procedures and injections, but men are increasingly becoming more interested in plastic surgery. Whereas women more often ask for facelifts and eye lifts, men are more interested in keeping their hair and combating wrinkles.
當今，女性仍爲整容手術的主要消費羣體，在所有療程、注射等整容項目中佔有81%，但男性對整容也越發感興趣了。女性整容項目通常爲拉皮，割雙眼皮，而男性整容項目通常是生髮和抗皺。
Meanwhile, in the under-35 category, the nose job remained the most popular elective surgical procedure for both genders, accounting for 90 percent of procedures in women and 86 percent in men.
與此同時，35歲以下的整容者不論男女都很中意美鼻，此項目佔女性整容病例的90%，男性整容病例的86%。
Have your selfies ever made you feel self-conscious about the way you look?
你的自拍照是否曾經也讓你對自己的容貌有所思考呢?
雅思閱讀材料大集合：EQ高也是一把雙刃劍
如同其他能力一樣，情商也是一把雙刃劍，既能作爲成功的墊腳石，又能成爲危害他人和社會的利器。下面就和我們一同來揭開高情商的陰暗面。
Emotional intelligence, or EQ, is the ability to read and understand emotions in ourselves and others. It is said that emotional intelligence accounts for 80 percent of one’s success.
情商也稱EQ，是一種讀懂自身和他人情緒的能力。據說一個人的成功80%取決於情商的高低。
That’s almost certainly an exaggeration. But ever since the 1995 publication of US psychologist and science writer Daniel Goleman’s best-seller, Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ, EQ has been seen by leaders and educators as the solution to many social problems. In some Western countries such as the US, emotional intelligence is now taught widely in secondary, business and medical schools.
這一說法雖然略顯誇張。但是自從1995年美國心理學家兼科學作家丹尼爾?戈爾曼的暢銷書《情商:它爲什麼比智商更重要》出版以來，很多領導者和教育家都將情商視爲解決諸多社會問題的關鍵。如今，在美國等西方國家，在中學、商學院和醫學院中情商教學隨處可見。
Anti-social behavior
反社會行爲
EQ is important. But our enthusiasm for it has obscured a dark side, says a recent article in The Atlantic.
美國《大西洋月刊》近日刊登文章稱，情商固然重要，但是人們的趨之若鶩卻掩蓋了它的黑暗面。
Weapon of mass emotion
操縱大衆情緒的武器
Recent research and studies show that as people improve their emotional skills, they become better at manipulating others. When someone knows what others are feeling, they can tug at their heartstrings and motivate them to act against their own best interests.
最新研究表明，隨着人們情商能力的提高，他們會更擅長操縱他人。當一個人能瞭解別人的感受時，他就可以撩動他們的心絃，促使他們做出違背自身最大利益的行爲。
Does this remind you of those “managers” at pyramid scheme companies? Hundreds of thousands of otherwise cautious and rational people have been brainwashed by their impassioned speeches and become bankrupt as a result.
這是否會令你聯想到那些非法傳銷公司的“經理”們?無數處事理智而謹慎的人被他們激情澎湃的演講洗腦，最後卻落得個傾家蕩產的下場。
Social scientists have begun to document this dark side of emotional intelligence. A study by the University of Cambridge found that when a leader gave an inspiring speech filled with emotion, the audience was less likely to scrutinize the message and remembered less of the content.
社會科學家已經開始研究情商的黑暗面。劍橋大學一項研究發現，當一名領導人充滿激情地演講時，聽衆不會太注意其傳達的信息，並且記住的內容也很少。
Researchers call this the “awestruck effect”, but it may just as easily be described as the dumbstruck effect, says The Atlantic article. Leaders who master emotions can rob us of our capacity to reason. If they have self-serving motives, or their values are out of step with our own, emotional intelligence becomes a weapon of manipulation and the results can be devastating.
據《大西洋月刊》報道，研?a href="">咳嗽苯涑莆熬次沸вΑ保埠莧菀妝幻枋齔傘熬判вΑ薄Ｉ樸謖瓶厙樾韉牧斕頰呋崛夢頤巧ナП奼鶚欠塹哪芰Α５彼遣彼嚼畝蛘咚塹募壑倒塾胛頤塹牟緩嚇氖保檣嘆突岜涑剎倏廝飼樾韉奈淦鰨浜蠊豢吧柘搿?/p>
Hidden agenda
隱藏的動機
This is consistent with another recent study from Kyoto University. According to The Huffington Post, the study shows that “people with high interpersonal EQ influence others’ emotions based on their own goals”.
該觀點與日本京都大學的一項研究成果不謀而合。據《赫芬頓郵報》報道，該研究表明：“高情商者會根據自己的目標去幹擾他人情緒”。
A research team led by University College London professor Martin Kilduff shed more light on this dark side of emotional intelligence. According to them, emotional intelligence helps people disguise one set of emotions while expressing another for personal gain. Emotionally intelligent people “intentionally shape their emotions to fabricate favorable impressions of themselves”, Kilduff’s team writes in the journal Research in Organizational Behavior. “The strategic disguise of one’s own emotions and the manipulation of others’ emotions for strategic ends are behaviors evident not only on Shakespeare’s stage but also in the offices and corridors where power and influence are traded.”
倫敦大學學院的馬丁?吉爾達夫教授帶領一支研究小組揭開了情商的黑暗面。該小組稱，人們爲了謀取私利，會掩飾情緒，當面一套背後一套。情商高的人“會故意給人留下對自己有利的印象”。吉爾達夫率領的研究小組在《組織行爲研究》期刊中寫道：“採取策略來僞裝個人情緒，同時爲了達到戰略目的而操控他人情緒，這些行爲不僅出現在莎翁的戲劇中，在交易權力和影響力的場所也十分常見。”
It seems that to better understand the dark side of EQ, we need look no further than Shakespeare’s Macbeth or its modern adaption on TV: House of Cards.
看來，要想更好地瞭解情商的黑暗面，我們只需看看莎翁名著《麥克白》或者它的現代電視劇版——《紙牌屋》就夠了
雅思閱讀材料大集合：小睡一個小時的作用有多大?
The average Briton gets six-and-a-half hours' sleep a night, according to the Sleep Council. Michael Mosley took part in an unusual experiment to see if this is enough.
It has been known for some time that the amount of sleep people get has, on average, declined over the years.
This has happened for a whole range of reasons, not least because we live in a culture where people are encouraged to think of sleep as a luxury - something you can easily cut back on. After all, that's what caffeine is for - to jolt you back into life. But while the average amount of sleep we are getting has fallen, rates of obesity and diabetes have soared. Could the two be connected?
We wanted to see what the effect would be of increasing average sleep by just one hour. So we asked seven volunteers, who normally sleep anywhere between six and nine hours, to be studied at the University of Surrey's Sleep Research Centre.
The volunteers were randomly allocated to two groups. One group was asked to sleep for six-and-a-half hours a night, the other got seven-and-a-half hours. After a week the researchers took blood tests and the volunteers were asked to switch sleep patterns. The group that had been sleeping six-and-a-half hours got an extra hour, the other group slept an hour less.
While we were waiting to see what effect this would have, I went to the John Radcliffe hospital in Oxford to learn more about what actually happens when we sleep.
In the Sleep Centre, they fitted me up with a portable electro-encephalograph, a device that measures brain wave activity. Then, feeling slightly ridiculous, I went home and had my seven-and-a-half hours of sleep.
The following day I went to discuss what had happened inside my head during the night with Dr Katharina Wulff.
The first thing she pointed out was that I had very rapidly fallen into a state of deep sleep. Deep sleep sounds restful, but during it our brains are actually working hard. One of the main things the brain is doing is moving memories from short-term storage into long-term storage, allowing us more short-term memory space for the next day. If you don't get adequate deep sleep then these memories will be lost.
You might think: "I'll cut back during the week and then make up for it at the weekend." Unfortunately it doesn't work like that, because memories need to be consolidated within 24 hours of being formed.
Since deep sleep is so important for consolidating memories it is a good idea if you are revising or perhaps taking an exam to make sure that you're getting a reasonable night's sleep. In one study, people who failed to do so did 40% worse than their contemporaries.
Deep sleep only lasts for a few hours. My electrode results showed that during the night my brain went through multiple phases of another kind of activity, called REM sleep.
"This is the phase when you are usually paralysed - so you can't move," Wulff explained. But the eye muscles are not paralysed, and that's why it's called rapid eye movement sleep."
During REM sleep an extraordinary thing happens. One of the stress-related chemicals in the brain, noradrenalin, is switched off. It's the only time, day or night, this happens. It allows us to remain calm while our brains reprocess all the experiences of the day, helping us come to terms with particularly emotional events.
We get more REM sleep in the last half of the night. Which means that if you are woken unexpectedly, your brain may not have dealt with all your emotions - which could leave you stressed and anxious. Drinking alcohol late at night is not a good idea as it reduces your REM sleep while it's being processed in your body.
Back at the University of Surrey our sleep volunteers had finished their second week of the experiment. What we wanted to see was the effect switching from six-and-a-half hours to seven-and-a-half hours, or vice versa, would have on our volunteers.
Computer tests revealed that most of them struggled with mental agility tasks when they had less sleep, but the most interesting results came from the blood tests that were run.
Dr Simon Archer and his team at Surrey University were particularly interested in looking at the genes that were switched on or off in our volunteers by changes in the amount that we had made them sleep.
"We found that overall there were around 500 genes that were affected," Archer explained. "Some which were going up, and some which were going down."
What they discovered is that when the volunteers cut back from seven-and-a-half to six-and-a-half hours' sleep a night, genes that are associated with processes like inflammation, immune response and response to stress became more active. The team also saw increases in the activity of genes associated with diabetes and risk of cancer. The reverse happened when the volunteers added an hour of sleep.
So the clear message from this experiment was that if you are getting less than seven hours' sleep a night and can alter your sleep habits, even just a little bit, it could make you healthier. "Have a lie-in, it will do you good" - that's the kind of health message that doesn't come along very often.
據英國睡眠委員會(Sleep Council)調查顯示，英國人平均每天只睡6.5小時。爲了驗證這樣的睡眠是否足夠，邁克爾·莫斯利醫生(Michael Mosley)參加了一項不尋常的實驗。
近些年來，人們已經認識到了這樣的事實：我們的平均睡眠時間正在逐漸減少。
這一現象的原因是多方面的，其中之一便是我們所處的文化讓我們覺得睡覺是件奢侈的事情，可以輕而易舉地縮減。畢竟，咖啡因的功能就在這兒了：把你喚回清醒的狀態。然而，隨着睡眠量的不斷下降，肥胖和糖尿病的發病率卻在大幅升高——二者之間會不會有一定關係呢?
我們想看看把平均睡眠時間增加一小時會有什麼效果，於是邀請了7位志願者參加我們的實驗。這7個人平日的睡眠在6—9個小時之間。實驗由薩里大學(University of Surrey)的睡眠研究中心負責主持。
我們將志願者隨機分爲兩組，一組每晚睡6.5小時，另一組睡7.5小時。一週之後研究者對兩組人的血液進行檢測，並調換兩組的睡眠量，原來睡6.5小時的一組多睡一小時，另一組則少睡一小時。
就在我們等待實驗結果的過程中，我來到位於牛津的約翰·拉德克里夫醫院(John Radcliffe hospital)，看看我們睡覺時究竟發生了什麼。
在該院的睡眠中心裏，工作人員爲我戴上一臺便攜式腦電圖儀。就這樣，我戴着儀器半覺好笑地回到家，睡了7.5個小時。
第二天，我來到醫院，向卡塔琳娜·伍爾夫醫生詢問了我的情況。
首先，她指出我很快就進入了深睡眠。雖然聽上去挺安詳，大腦在深睡眠時其實在積極地工作，其中一件重要的事情便是將短期記憶轉存到長期記憶中，從而爲第二天的短期記憶騰出空間。如果睡得不夠，一些短期記憶便會丟失。
你也許會想：“我在工作日裏縮減睡眠，到週末再補上不就行了嗎?” 遺憾的是，大腦的運行機制並非如此，因爲記憶需要在最初形成的24小時內得到強化。
由於深睡眠對於強化記憶十分重要，複習和考試前睡夠覺就很有必要。在一項研究中，那些在複習和考試前沒能睡夠覺的學生比同齡人表現差了40%。
深睡眠只能持續幾個小時。我的腦電圖顯示，大腦在夜裏經歷了幾個稱爲快速動眼睡眠(REM)的階段。
“人處於這一階段時通常是麻痹的，所以動不了。”伍爾夫解釋道。但由於這時的眼部肌肉並未麻痹，因此這一階段的睡眠稱作“快速動眼睡眠”。
快速動眼睡眠時，我們的體內會發生一種奇特的變化：腦內的去甲腎上腺素(一種與壓力有關的化學物質)會大量消失，使得我們能夠在平靜中對白天的經歷進行再加工，從而更好地應對某些事件對我們造成的情緒影響。然而，無論黑夜還是白天，去甲腎上腺素只有在快速動眼睡眠中才能大量消失。
由於快速動眼睡眠更多地分佈於後半夜，如果你在夜裏突然醒來，大腦這時很有可能還沒完全處理掉你的情緒，從而導致壓力感和焦慮的產生。深夜飲酒可不是什麼好事情，因爲代謝酒精會縮短快速動眼睡眠的時間。
兩週後，我們的睡眠志願者們結束了實驗。我們想看看，人在少睡一小時和多睡一小時時會有哪些變化。
計算機測試結果表明，少睡一個小時時，多數人在完成思維敏捷性的任務時顯得力不從心。不過更有趣的還是血液的檢測結果。
薩里大學的西蒙·阿徹博士和他的團隊發現，睡眠時間的變化會影響基因的活躍程度。
“我們發現一共約有500個基因受到影響。”阿徹說。“有些變得更加活躍，有些則相反。”
他們發現，當志願者的睡眠從7.5小時減少到6.5小時時，體內與炎症、免疫和應對壓力相關的基因變得更加活躍，與糖尿病和癌症相關的基因也是如此。而當受試者的睡眠時間增加後，這些基因的活躍程度便減弱了。
因此，實驗清楚地表明，對於那些睡不夠7個小時的人而言，如果他們能夠改變睡眠習慣，哪怕只是做出一點點改變，他們的身體都會變得更健康。“多睡會吧，對你有好處。”遺憾的是，這樣的建議我們聽到的太少了。
