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託福寫作如何舉例最有效

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舉例子是託福寫作中常用的手法,那麼託福寫作如何舉例最有效你知道嗎?一起來看看吧!

託福寫作如何舉例最有效

託福寫作如何舉例最有效

方法一:舉例----縮小範圍來論證。

如動物→鳥類,現代交通方式→飛機,上面的舉例是最簡單的形式,即對單個詞/短語,或說單個對象舉例。我們在獨立寫作中會遇到對單個對象的舉例,這也是大家都能做好的;但我們更常遇到的是需要對一個句子,或說多個對象互相聯繫而串成的觀點舉例的情況,這時我們就需要留意我們所舉的例子的有效性了。

舉例的基本原則:

a. 細節性原則----細於被舉例者。

b. 一致性原則----良好體現與要用舉例證明的觀點的一致對應關係,觀點中的重點信息應在例子中不多不少地體現。

舉例的具體操作方法:

粗舉,細舉,引調查,列數字。

(1)粗例----粗獷的例子

"粗例"即一類人、物或事,或一個公認事實的例子,說白了就是多數人都能認可的信息。尋找這類例子的時候比較輕鬆,只要在觀點中找出可以繼續細化的重點信息然後"narrow down"就可以了

觀點1: Employers are willing to pay a premium for highly qualified applicants.

粗例1: International companies desire bilingual employees and offer higher salaries to attract them.

"粗例"可以建立"面"對"線"的關係,但需要注意不能太空洞,同時也要控制使用的量;粗例子需要搭配因果分析、比較論證來使用,才能使整個段落更有血肉。

(2)細例----細緻的例子

"細例"就是具體到一個人、一個物,或一件事,可以是實際存在的,也可以無中生有。這類例子更加鮮活,更有說服力,通常也能佔據更長一些的篇幅,平時有意識地積累並靈活聯繫,寫起這類例子來纔會更加得心應手。

a. 實際存在的,一方面,這類例子可以是身邊,家人、朋友、自己和身邊發生的一些事情;另一方面就是名人和一些被報道出來的“名事”了

觀點2: Mistakes serve as vivid, sometimes painful deterrents from certain action.

細例2: A friend of mine suffering from smoking-induced lung disease would remember the emotional and physical pain associated with the side-effects of tobacco usage. Not only does he recall the smell of hospitals, the imprint of pain on the face of someone who died from smoking, but he would also link these memories immediately with cigarettes.

觀點3: You cannot judge a person only by his or her appearance.

細例3: Susan Boyle is one of those. Such an appearance has long been rumored, but her incredible voice and stunning performance on BGT has won her great popularity.

b. 此外,"細例"的無中生有就是假設論證,常用if,supposing等開頭

觀點4: Individuals play a significant role in alleviating traffic congestion.

細例4: If 30 people get on a public bus instead of 30 individual cars, there will be far fewer automobiles on the road, greatly easing the traffic burden.

【乾貨】託福寫作中該如何舉例子?

很多學生在寫託福作文的時候,最大的苦惱無外乎是該如何舉例子?經常會聽到學生說,“老師這個例子好假啊?我這個例子寫得好長啊,考試的時候會不會來不及啊?一定要舉例子嗎?舉名人的例子會不會得分高啊?我要不要專門花時間去背名人的例子啊?”針對上述問題,我們先來做一個統一的解答。

1. 托福考試是語言測試,關注的是你的例子能否證明主題句,邏輯是否合理,語言表達是否流暢 ,因而符合事實邏輯的例子,都可以寫,不要糾結真實性,不要糾結是名人例子還是個人例子,更不用爲了分數去大量背誦名人的例子。

2. 例子的重要性體現在說服力上而不是字數上,只要把能證明你主題句的核心內容提取出來即可,不要過分堆砌。

那麼究竟如何去寫一個合格的例子呢?細心的同學應該注意到題目中有這樣的一句話:“use specific reasons and examples to support your answer ”, 其中reasons(也稱作 reasoning)爲我們講的邏輯說理,而examples就是例子了。我們建議每一個主體段都要寫例子,例子需要是非常具體的事情,要和邏輯說理部分區分開。在這裏,我們對一個合格的例子,提出兩點要求,即:相關性和細節性。

一.相關性

很多學生的文章中,觀點和例子絲毫沒有關聯度,這樣的例子是無效的。所以必須要明確一點,舉例子是爲了什麼?舉例子是爲了說明主題句(劃重點)。建議各位同學寫例子之前回頭看看主題句,做到心中有數,明確自己寫例子究竟是用來證明什麼。

例如,我的主題句是“早起學習效率高。”那麼要證明“早起學習效率高”,必須有以下四個要素:1. 首先必須確定一位主人翁A;2. 其次A同學起的很早;3. 並且A童鞋把早起的時間都用在學習上了;4. 效果很好;

再比如,我的主題句是“參與間隔年有助於學生們的專業擇。”那麼要證明這個主題句,必須要滿足這四個要素: 1. 首先必須確定一位主人翁B; 2. B同學在間隔年中做了哪些事? 3. B同學之後選擇了什麼專業?(間隔年中做的事要和之後選擇的專業要有一定的關聯度)4. 這個選擇很明智;

二. 細節性

區別於其他的寫作考試,託福寫作最大的一個特點是例子必須要細化,可以具體到某個人,點名道姓,他的具體行爲和感觸也有相關涉及。那麼該如何做到細化例子呢?接着上面的sample繼續看。

Sample 1:

主題句:早起學起效率高。

例子:1. 主人翁A:可以具象到身份,人名—my dorm mate Jason

2. A 同學起得早:可以具體到幾點起牀—get up at 7:00 a.m

3. 花時間學習:可以具體到學什麼—memorize new English words/ practice listening/ imitate pronunciation from MP3

4. 效果很好:become proficient in English

參考段落:

First and foremost, morning is the prime time for a student to absorb knowledge. It is because after a whole night’s rest, one’s body is usually at its best in the morning, with the brain being very awake and active. At this moment, students’ learning efficiency is so high that they could memorize the most key points and handle the most difficult part of a subject in a day’s study. For example, one of my dorm mates, Jason, is proficient in English. He gets up at 7 o’clock every morning and goes to the classroom to memorize new English words or imitate the pronunciation from MP3.

Sample 2:

主題句: 參與間隔年有助於學生們的專業選擇。

例子:1. 主人翁B: my classmate Jenny

2. 間隔年中做了什麼事:looking after orphans and helping communities

3. 選擇的專業:public affairs management

4. 結果:a wise option

參考段落:

Firstly, during the gap year, students can get a better understanding of themselves and make a right choice about their majors in universities. Over the period from primary school to high school, most students lost the ability to think independently of what they wanted because they had to take care of their academic performances. If they are given an opportunity to engage in some meditation and social practices, they are likely to discover their true callings. I read from newspapers that an American high school graduate spent a gap year looking after orphans, and later he selected public affairs management as his college major, which turned out to be a wise choice.

託福寫作如何改進轉折句

“there be句型”變爲被動語態

試比較

1. She used to be indifferent to the outside world, but an interloper changed her.

2. Her indifference to the outside world was changed by and interloper.

把but後面的句子改爲短小插入語

試比較

1. Driven by an interest in words, Claire kept trying poetry, novelsand literature analyses, but she hardly succeeded in any of these endeavors at the very beginning.

2. Driven by an interest in words, Claire kept trying poetry, novels and literature analyses—all with little initial success.

把but後面部分改爲更緊湊的從句

試比較

1. It was meant to be a brief parting, but it turned into a long, lingering one.

2. What was meant to be a brief parting turned into a long, lingering one.

第二句讀起來更加集中、緊湊,並且去掉了"It was, but it…”等雞肋部分。

積累一些可能替換but的連接詞

e.g. however/nonetheless/nevertheless/yet/whereas/while...

試比較

1. Once arriving home, she starts to review all the notes, not necessarily because the teacher requires her to do so,but because she encourages herself to study hard.

2. Once arriving home,she starts to review all the notes, as much from the requirement of the teacher,as from herself-encouragement.

總結

對於but這一最爲常見的轉折,我們可以從“是否可以直接去掉?是否可以改爲插入語等句子成分?是否可以改爲更爲緊湊的從句?是否有其他替換表達?”這個方面進行思考。

但應該指出,應該建立在“自己有把握判斷原句與改進後句子的風格與質量”的基礎上進行。有時候,不一定改的就比原句更好,短的不一定就更簡潔。

托福考試複習攻略:地道美式作文必備60詞

aid=assist(幫助,援助)

alter=change or modify(改變)

ask=inquire(詢問)

assail=denounce(譴責)

axe=dismissreduce(解僱,減少)

balk=impede(阻礙)

ban=prohibit or forbid(禁止)

bar=prevent(防止,阻止)

bare=expose or reveal(暴露,揭露)

blast=explode(爆炸)

begin=commence(開始)

bid=attempt(努力)

bilk=cheat(欺騙)

bolt=desert or abandon(放棄)

boost=increase(增加,提高)

check=examine(檢查)

claim=ause the death of…(奪去……的生命)

clash=disagree strong1y(發生分歧,爭議)

curb=control or restrict(控制)

dip=decIlne or decrease(下降)

ease=lessen(減輕,緩和)

end=terminate(結束,中止)

flay=criticize(批評)

flout=insult(侮辱)

foil=prevent from(阻止,防止)

grill = investigate(調查)

gut=destroy(摧毀)

head=direct(率領)

hold=arrest(逮捕)

laud=praise(讚揚)

lop=diminish(下降,減少)

map=work out(制訂)

mark=celebrate(慶祝)

name=appointnominate(命名,提名)

moot=discuss(討論)

mull=consider(考慮)

nab=arrest(逮捕)

nip=defeat(擊敗)

ease=lessen(減輕,緩和)

end=terminate(結束,中止)

flay=criticize(批評)

flout=insult(侮辱)

foil=prevent from(阻止,防止)

grill = investigate(調查)

gut=destroy(摧毀)

head=direct(率領)

hold=arrest(逮捕)

laud=praise(讚揚)

lop=diminish(下降,減少)

map=work out(制訂)

mark=celebrate(慶祝)

name=appointnominate(命名,提名)

moot=discuss(討論)

mull=consider(考慮)

nab=arrest(逮捕)

nip=defeat(擊敗)

slay=murder(謀殺)

soar=skyrocket(急劇上升)

spur=encourage(激勵,鞭策)

swap=exchange(交流,交換)

sway=influence(影響)

trim=reduce(削減)

vie=compete(競爭)

vow=determine(決心,發誓)

weigh=consider(考慮)