漢英被動表達的差異

初中生學習英語被動語態最易出現的錯誤是，在很多該用被動語態的地方沒有用。接下來，小編給大家準備了漢英被動表達的差異,歡迎大家參考與借鑑。

比如學生經常說出這樣的句子：The classroom has cleaned. The gas has used up. 這是因爲漢語被字句的使用頻率很低，學生習慣於“教室打掃乾淨了”、“汽油用完了”等無形式標記被動句的表達法，對譯成英語，也就忘了該用被動語態。深一層的原因是漢語史上被字句一般用來表示不愉快或遺憾的事情。比如人們一般問：“ 教師表揚(你)了沒有?”而不大說：“你被老師表揚了沒有?”一般說：“(我)又被老師批評了。”而不大說：“老師又批評我了。”(這句話的意思似乎是老師批評得不合適。)再如：“蛋糕被貓吃掉了。”(隱含義是蛋糕本來是我們要吃的。)當然，隨着本世紀以來漢語歐化句式的大量涌現，被字句的使用頻率大大增加，許多場合的被字句也並不表示不愉快，“我被老師表揚了。”一類句子也到處使用。但與英語相比，漢語中的被字句出現頻率仍低了很多。另一方面，漢語中存在的大量無形式標記被動句，如果譯成英語則必須用被動語態，但學生往往忘了使用被動語態，這是初中學生學習英語被動句時最易出現的錯誤。比如“信寫完了”常被譯成“The letter has written.”; “門鎖上了”常被譯成“The door has locked up.”對此，必須設計具體的語境， 通過大量的英漢對比翻譯，反覆操練，才能加深理解。比如：

教室打掃乾淨了。

The classroom has been cleaned.

樹種好了。

The trees have been planted.

杯子打破了。

The cup was broken.

汽車撞壞了。

The car was broken.

書他拿走了。

The book has been taken away by him.

協議通過了。

The agreement has been adopted.

米吃光了。

The rice has been eaten up.

……

還有，漢語中有的被動句的形式標記不是“被”字，而是“讓”、“給”、“叫”、“受”、“遭”、“ 爲…所…”等。比如：

那隻狗叫他們給殺了。

The dog was killed by them.

小偷讓警察抓去了。

The thief was captured1 by a policeman.

鞋子給扔了。

The shoes have been thrown away.

他遭了父親一頓打。

He was beaten by his father.

我們爲那部電影所感動。

We were moved by that film.

反過來說，英語中許多習慣於用被動語態的場合，漢語是不用被動句來表述的 。比如：

(1)據說，據報道：It was said /reported that John wonthe game.

(2)不明或不必說出動作執行者：

We have not been told about it.

Such books are written for children.

(3)出於禮貌的表達方式：

You are invited to the birthday party.

It is thought not OK to act that way.

　　擴展：被動語態的時態

(以動詞make爲例)

(1)…is/am/are made… (一般現在時)

(2)…is/am/are being1 made… (現在進行時)

(3)…has/have been made… (現在完成時)

(4)…was/were made… (一般過去時)

(5)…was/were being made… (過去進行時)

(6)…had/been made… (過去完成時)

(7)…will/shall2 be made… (一般將來時)

(8)…would be made… (過去將來時)

例：

You are invited to the birthday party.

It was made for Tom by Wang Lin in China in 1990.

The letter has been finished.

The letter has not been finished.

The house is being built.

Has the letter been finished?

The letter will be finished this evening.

The building shall be founded next year.

另：結合“will/shall/would be+動詞過去分詞”的結構，可延伸到“can/may /must/ should/has to/have to/to be going to+be+動詞過去分詞”等帶情態動詞或不定式的被動結構以及各種結構的變換方式。如：

It will be given to him.

The building shall be founded next year.

Apples cannot be kept for a long time.

The baby must be looked after carefully.

This problem should be resolved3 as soon as possible.

The dog has to be killed.

Many trees are going to be planted here.