託福寫作之論證邏輯 類比和對比論證

類比和對比兩種論證方式有什麼區別，在託福寫作中又該如何正確使用t它們，下面一起來看看吧！

託福寫作之論證邏輯-類比和對比論證

類比和對比是英語寫作中非常常見的兩種段落髮展的論證手段，一般涉及到兩個或若干個事物之間的比較。這兩種方法有着很大的區別，類比(compare)重點強調兩個事物的相同點，比如A和B的相同點是什麼。而對比(contrast)重點強調兩個事物的不同點。在託福寫作中，經常會涉及到兩件事情的比較，找到這兩件事情各自的優點和缺點是什麼，然後去衡量取捨。

一、段內類比可以用到的連接詞

similarly, similar to, as, like, corresponding to, likewise, by the same token, the same is true of , in comparison, 等等。

我們來看一個段內類比的範文1：

Some of the funniest pieces of literature is actually very close to being tragic, and vice versa. By the same token, try to imagine the face of a clown: One half of his face laughs and the other half cries。

翻譯：一些最滑稽的文學作品實際上很接近悲劇，反之亦然。同樣地，想象一下小丑的臉龐：一半臉會大笑，另一半臉會大哭。這段文字類比的是：滑稽的文學作品的特點和小丑的臉的特徵，都是悲喜交加。

我們來看一個段內類比的範文2：

Different pressures will distract people from their concentration. Employees who are exposed to the pressure from colleagues may hardly focus on their daily work. Similarly, students who have to cope with intense peer pressure may have a hard time concentrating on their academic subjects.

翻譯：不同的壓力會使人們無法專注於一件事情上。員工面對來自同事的壓力，會很難專心工作。同樣地，面對同齡同學的巨大壓力，學生也很難專心學術學習。這個段落比較的是員工的壓力和學生的壓力都會導致他們無法專注一件事情。

二、段內對比可以用到的連接詞

while, however, whereas, in contrast, on the contrary, rather than, instead of, conversely, In sharp contrast, unlike，nevertheless, in opposition to, otherwise, 等等

我們來看一個段內對比的範文1：

Taking a wide range of courses offers students More options for their leisure time. Past generations worked longer hours and their relatively short life expectancy did not afford as many people the possibility of a long retirement. In contrast, today a large number of college graduates can expect to enjoy several decades of recreational activities after they stop working. The interests that they develop through exploring various academic fields can be very helpful in making their retirement more enjoyable.

翻譯：上很多門課程爲學生的空閒時間提供更多的選擇。過去的人們工作時間很長，而他們的壽命相對來說較短，所以退休後的空閒時間就較短。相反，如今，許多大學畢業生在退休之後可以享受好幾十年的空閒時間來娛樂。他們通過學習多門課程所培養的興趣對於他們退休之後來說很有意義。這段文字對比的是：上很多門課程對於過去的學生和現在學生的影響不同。對比來看，現在的學生學多門課程還是有很多好處的。

我們來看一個段內對比的範文2：

All of us have had – and will continue to have – difficult experiences and failures. It is up to us to learn from them. One person who loses a job may become depressed, then withdraw, and finally start to blame others for his/her problems. In sharp contrast, another person who does not make excuses for failures may try to identify his/her own weaknesses, choose to go back to school or go to a refresher course, switch to another career path that is better suited to his/her potential, or relocate to a more prosperous area. Even though these two people have had the same failure, they will end up getting vastly different results.

翻譯：我們所有人都有艱難的經歷，都經歷過失敗，並且以後還將要經歷失敗。我們要靠自己從中學習一些知識。一個失去工作的人會變得很消沉，然後就退縮，並把責任歸咎於他人。形成明顯對比的是，另一個人不去找任何藉口，試着去找到自己的弱項，繼續回到學校或去參加進修課程，並轉到自己擅長或更有希望的工作領域當中。儘管這兩個人都經歷過失敗，他們最後的結果卻截然不同。這個段落對比的是兩個人對待失敗的態度和做法不一樣，結果也不一樣。

一般來說，託福獨立寫作當中的比較級題目和今夕對比題都可以用類比或對比論證來展開，當然也可以結合因果論證、舉例論證等其他的論證方式。

託福寫作模板：好同事的特徵是什麼?

We all work or will work in our jobs with many different kinds of people, in your opinion ,what are some important characteristics of a co-worker (someone you work closely with)?Use reasons and specific example to explain why these characteristics are important.

We spend more time with our co-workers during a week than we do with our family, Thus, it’s important for our co-workers to be people we can get along with. I’ve worked in a lot of offices, and I've found there are certain characteristics that all good co-workers have in common.

A good co-worker is very cooperative, She does her best to get along with others.

She tries to keep her end of things flowing smoothly to help others in the office. She

realizes that if one person doesn't get her work done, it can hold up everyone else. She has a positive attitude that creates a pleasant working environment.

A good co-worker is adaptable. She is not stubborn about changes in schedules or routines, and doesn't object to having her job description revised. That can make life miserable for everyone around her. A good co-worker is willing to change her schedule to accommodate another worker's emergency, She has no problem with new procedures and welcomes changes when they come.

A good co-worker is helpful. She pitches in when someone falls behind in his or her work. She’s willing to do whatever it takes to get the job done. She doesn't keep track of how often she has to finish another's work or take on extra work. Some co-workers do their own job, period. They have no sense of office community. They only want to do their work, get paid and go home.

A good co-worker is a sympathetic listener, and never uses what she learns against people. she doesn’t gossip. A bad co-worker uses negative rumors to take advantage of others.

Being a good co-worker isn't too hard, but some people just can't seem to manage it. Wouldn’t it be a wonderful world if everyone could?

託福寫作模板：你需要老師嗎?

Some people think that they can learn better by themselves than with a teacher. Others think that it is always better to have a teacher. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons to develop your essay.

Most of us can learn how to do something simple on our own with just a set of instructions. However, to learn about something more complex, it's always best to have a teacher.

Teachers bring with them varied and useful backgrounds. They've been trained to teach individuals in different ways depending on their style. For instance, omen students learn better by discussing a topic. Others learn more by writing about it. Teachers can help students learn in the way that's best of each student. A textbook or a manual can only give you one way of learning something. Plus they're only as helpful as your ability to understand them. A good teacher can adapt her teaching to your needs.

Teachers help you focus on what you're learning. If you're learning something by yourself, it’s easy to become distracted, and go on to other activities. Teachers keep your attention on the subject. They also approach a subject logically, taking it one step at a time. On your own, it's tempting to skip parts of the learning process you think you don’t need. That can binder your ability to really understand the subject.

Learning a subject on your own is a very narrow way of learning. You can only use the information you get from the textbook. With a teacher, you get the information in the written materials as well as the teacher's own knowledge of the topic. Teachers can also provide extra materials to broaden the scope of what you're learning.

There's nothing wrong with studying on your own, and a learner can always benefit from some quiet study. For the best possible learning, though, a good teacher is the biggest help you can have.

託福寫作模板：大學生應該要統一上課嗎?

Some people believe that university students should be required to attend classes. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.

Some people may believe that going to classes should be optional, but I disagree. I don't understand how university students can expect to learn anything if they don't attend classes. Personal experience can help people learn about themselves and the world outside the classroom, but when it comes to learning about academic subjects, students need to be in class.

In class they receive the benefit of the teacher's knowledge. The best teachers do more than just go over the material in than class textbook. They draw their students into discussion of the material. They present opposing points of view. They schedule guest speakers to come, give the students additional information, or show documentary films on the subject.

Also, attending classes on any subject teaches more than just facts. It teaches students how to learn, how to absorb information and then apply what they've learned to other situations. Their teacher is the best one to help them with these skills. They can't learn them just by reading the textbook.

Going to class also teaches students how to work with the other members of the class. Many times students will be given group assignments. This is different from what they did in secondary school. Here they're with people from different backgrounds and experiences. In this situation, they learn how to handle working with people different from themselves to achieve a common goal.

Going to class also teaches students responsibility and discipline. Having to be at a particular place at a particular time prepares them for getting a job. Being at a place on time with an assignment completed prepares them for a career.

In short, by going to class students learn more than just information from the teacher. They also learn how to learn, how to work with others, and how to work responsibly. These are not optional skills in life, so attending classes should not be optional in college.