新概念英語第二冊語法總結：現在完成時大綱

現在完成時：

1．構成：have / has + 過去分詞

2．功能：

（1）表示過去所發生的動作對現在的影響或產生的結果。常與yet, just, before, recently, lately（最近）, ever, never等表時間的副詞搭配使用。
►. He hasn't seen her lately.
►. I haven't finished the book yet.

（2）表示一個從過去某個時間開始，延續到現在並可能持續下去的動作，常與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。如：so far（迄今爲止）, up till now（直到現在）, since,  for a long time（很長時間）, up to present（直到現在）, in the past / in the last few years（在過去的幾年裏）, these days（目前）……
►. He has worked here for 15 years.
►. I have studied English since I came here.
►. The foreigner has been away from China for a long time.
►. So far, I haven't received a single letter from my brother.

（3）某些非延續性動詞（即：動作開始便終止的動詞），在現在完成時中不能與表示一段時間狀語搭配。
黃金要點：
I．常見的非延續動詞：die, arrive（到達）, join（加入）, leave（離開）, go, refuse（拒 絕）, fail（失敗）, finish, buy, marry, divorce（離婚）, awake（醒）, buy, borrow, lend ...   （背三遍！）
II．這類動詞並非不能用現在完成時，而是不能接常由for引導的時間狀語。
III．但若是用在否定句中，非延續動詞的現在完成時可以與表示一段時間的狀語連用。

►. She has gone away for a month.（誤）
►. She has been away for a month （正）

►. The man has died for two years.（誤）
►. The man has been dead for two years.（正）

►. How long have youbought the book?（誤）
►. How long have you got the book.（正）

（4）注意 since的用法：
►. They haven't had any trouble since they came here.
►. It has been ten years since we met last time.
►. He has been here since 1980.
►. He has been here since ten years ago.

幾組對比：

►. He has gone to Shanghai. 他到上海去了。
►. He has been to Shanghai. 他去過上海。

►. She has gone. 她已走了。
►. She is gone. 她缺席了。（或者她死了。）

►. The door has been closed. 門關上了。（動作）
►. The door is closed. 門是關着的。（狀態）

測試精編

1. The prices ________ going up all the time in the past few years.
A. keep        B. kept          C. have kept          D. are keeping

2. For the whole period of two months, there ________ no rain in this area.
A. is           B. will be        C. has been           D. have been

3. Today is Jane's wedding day. She ________ John.
A. have just married with          B. was just married to
C. has just been married to         D. just has been married to

4. No wonder the flower have withered, they ________ any water for ages.
A. hadn't       B. haven't       C. haven't had          D. hadn't had

5. Nowadays computer ________ a wide application with the development of production and science.
A. found       B. has found      C. finds                    D. had found

（後設答案，大家不要偷看哦~(*^__^*) 嘻嘻……）

KEYS

1. C    2. C    3. C    4. C    5. B