微笑是如何控制我們所有人的

The neuronal signals for smiles usually start in the cortex of our brain. From there they travel to the deeper part, the brainstem -- which, in terms of evolution, also happens to be one of the oldest parts of our brain. From there, a nerve that's large enough to be visible to the naked eye, called the seventh cranial nerve, carries the signal in front of the ear to the more central part of the face, where it reaches the smile muscle.
微笑的神經信號通常開始於我們的大腦皮質。他們從那裏傳輸到更深的部分，腦幹——它從進化的角度來講，也恰好是我們的大腦最古老的部分之一。從那裏，一根可以大到肉眼可見的稱爲第七腦神經的神經，把耳朵前面的信號傳到面部更中央的部分，那裏它可以到達微笑肌。

The smile muscle is attached from the mouth to the cheekbone. When this nerve fires, the muscle is activated, the corners of our mouth are pulled up, and we look happy. And if it is a true smile, one that signifies real enjoyment by its wearer, then a branch of the facial nerve also activates little muscles around the eyes, leading to wrinkling around the eyes in addition to a mouth smile.
微笑肌附在口腔到顴骨上。當這個神經點燃時，肌肉被激活，我們的嘴角被拉起，然後我們就看起來是快樂的。如果它是一個真正的微笑，表示笑着的人真正的愉悅，那麼面部神經的分支也會激活眼睛周圍的小肌肉，導致眼睛周圍的皺紋，除非它只是一個嘴角的微笑。

Baseball players who had the broadest smiles lived, on average, seven years longer than those who smiled the least.
有着最爲燦爛的笑容的棒球球員平均比笑的最少的棒球球員多活七年。

The scientific analysis of the smile really began with the French anatomist Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne de Boulogne. In the 1860s, he used electrical currents to make his subjects' "facial muscles contract to speak the language of the emotions and the sentiments." Duchenne believed that one could gain insight into the ways the face expresses emotions by studying the muscles underlying facial movement. He recorded the expressions produced by the electrical stimulation by taking photographs and was the first to use photography to prove a scientific theory. Duchenne showed that in the particular smile he called the "smile of joy," the muscle that is just to the side of the eyes (called orbicularis oculi) is activated. When this muscle contracts, it creates creases, sometimes called crow's feet. He called this the "true smile," the pure smile of enjoyment. Duchenne concluded that the mouth smile obeys the will, but the eye smile does not. He said, "The muscle around the eye ... is only brought into play by a true feeling, an agreeable emotion. Its inertia in smiling unmasks a false friend."
微笑的科學分析真正開始於法國解剖學家紀堯姆 - 本傑明 - 阿芒德·杜興·德·布洛涅。在19世紀60年代，他用電流使他的實驗對象的“面部肌肉收縮，來表達情緒和情感。”杜氏認爲，一個人通過學習基本臉部運動，可以洞悉肌肉表達情感的方式。他攝影記錄下了電流刺激產生的表情，而且這是第一次用攝影來證明一個科學理論。杜氏表明，在他稱之爲“歡樂的笑容”的特定微笑中，只是眼睛邊的肌肉（稱爲眼輪匝肌）被激活。當肌肉收縮時，它產生了褶皺，有時也被稱爲魚尾紋。他稱之爲“真正的微笑”，愉悅的純淨笑容。杜氏的結論是，嘴角的笑意服從意願，但眼睛的笑容沒有。他說：“眼部周圍的肌肉...只被一種真實的感覺，一種愉快的情感牽動。它在微笑中的慣性揭露了虛假的朋友。”

In the image at right, Duchenne applies electrodes to his cooperative subject in order to stimulate the contraction of the smile muscle (zygomaticus major) that pulls the corners of the mouth up when we smile. His subject is clearly enjoying this. Duchenne's jolt of electricity activates the smile muscle around the mouth, but the gentleman's eyes are also smiling, as seen by the creases formed just to the side of his eyes so the happiness comes from inside. When Duchenne first applied the electricity, only the smile muscle around the mouth was activated; he realized that it didn't look like a true, natural smile, so he told this gentleman a joke to make his eyes smile as well.
在右邊的圖片上，杜氏對他的合作的實驗對象運用電極，以刺激微笑肌（主要是顴肌）的收縮，它在我們微笑時拉起我們的嘴角使其上揚。他的實驗對象顯然正在享受這個。杜興的電流激活嘴周圍的微笑肌肉，但這位紳士的眼睛也在笑，從只在眼睛周圍形成的褶皺中透出了快樂。當杜氏首次運用電流時，只有嘴周圍的微笑肌肉被激活;他意識到它看起來並不像一個真正的，自然的微笑，所以他給這位先生講了個笑話，使他的眼睛也笑了。

Paul Ekman, who led the scientific investigation of facial expressions in the twentieth century, has shown that Duchenne was right. Few of us can fake an eye smile. If you're sitting across from a new business associate and he smiles at you but you're still not sure if you should sign off on a new business venture, look at those little lines around the outside of his eyes. If they wrinkle up like crow's feet, then his smile is a real signifier of pleasure or happiness. The absence of smiling eyes should alert you that your new associate's smile is not necessarily as friendly as it looks.
保羅·埃克曼，在二十世紀領導了面部表情的科學研究，他表明杜氏是正確的。我們很少能假冒眼睛的微笑。如果你坐在一個新的商業夥伴對面，他向你微笑，但你仍然不確定是否應該同意一個新的商業投機，看看他的眼睛外面周圍那些細紋。如果它們皺得像魚尾紋，那麼他的微笑就真正意味着快樂或者幸福。沒有微笑的眼睛可能提醒你，你新合夥人的微笑並不一定像它看起來那樣友好。

A century after Duchenne recorded his remarkable experiments, Dr. Paul Ekman honored the anatomist by terming the smile involving the eyes the "Duchenne smile." Ekman found that the failure to distinguish between different types of smiles showed up in much scientific research over the years and might explain contradictory findings regarding the universal meaning of the smile. Other scientists confirmed their findings and found that the Duchenne smile appears significantly more often when people are freely enjoying themselves than in situations that would require feigned smiles. The eyes do not lie unless, of course, the person has received Botox around the eyes, in which case the skin around the eyes is unable to wrinkle up, no matter how true a smile.
杜興記錄了他非凡的實驗的一個世紀後，保羅·艾克曼博士爲了表示對解剖學家的敬意，把涉及眼睛的微笑稱爲“杜興微笑”。艾克曼發現，區分不同類型微笑的失敗出現在歷年來很多科學研究中，這可能解釋了關於微笑的普遍意義的矛盾研究結果。其他科學家證實了他們的發現，而且發現當人們自由地享受他們自己時，杜興微笑明顯出現得比要求假裝微笑的情況下更多。眼睛是不會說謊的，當然，除非這個人眼睛周圍已經打了肉毒桿菌，在這種情況下，不論笑容是如何的真摯，眼睛周圍的皮膚也不能夠皺起來。

Certainly what we see greatly influences when we smile, but it is not necessary. We need no visual feedback to smile. Darwin discovered that those who are born blind will still smile appropriately during a conversation. You can smile when all alone, but smiling is definitely enhanced by socializing; it happens six times more frequently in social settings.
當然，當我們微笑時我們看到極大的影響，但這是不必要的。我們不需要視覺反饋去微笑。達爾文發現，那些天生的盲人在一場交談中依然會微笑得體。當獨自一人時，你可以微笑，但是微笑絕對是通過社交來增強的;它在社會環境中更頻繁，是獨自一人時候的六倍頻率。

Some of the complexities of smiling can be appreciated by examining those who can't do it normally. People who have suffered brain damage may not be able to smile when asked to but will still involuntarily smile at a joke. Conversely, patients suffering from Parkinson's disease, a disease of dopamine-containing neurons in the brain, may be able to turn up the corners of the mouth when asked to smile but after getting a joke may lack the ability to smile as a natural, automatic response. Patients who have had a stroke leading to paralysis of half of their face lack an ability to voluntarily move one side of their face. They show a crooked smile when asked to grin but a normal smile on hearing a joke, indicating intact nerve pathways beyond their conscious control. Clearly, the pathways for smiling are quite elaborate, with both unconscious and conscious connections that receive inputs from different parts of the brain.
有些微笑的複雜性可以通過檢查那些不能正常地做到這一點的人來領會。當遭受腦損傷的人被要求微笑時可能無法微笑，但是聽了一個笑話還是會不由自主地微笑。相反，患帕金森氏症，一種大腦中含有多巴胺神經元疾病的患者，要求微笑時也許能夠把嘴角向上彎，但聽了一個笑話後，可能就缺乏作爲一種自然，自動的反應的微笑能力。曾中風導致一半的臉麻痹的患者缺乏一種自發運動他們臉的一邊的能力。當被要求露齒而笑的時候，他們表現出一個扭曲的笑容，但聽到一個笑話時是一個正常的笑容，說明完好無損的神經通路超出了他們的意識控制。顯然，微笑的途徑是相當複雜的，既有從大腦的不同部位接收輸入的無意識的連接，又有有意識的連接。One wonders whether it is only a coincidence that those of us who socialize the most tend to get less depressed. We have seen how socializing is a great activator of smiling -- perhaps smiling is doing more than we think. Do children suffer less often from depression because they spend more time playing and smiling? It is so easy to forget that your face is always speaking to you: 24/7, your brain is keeping track of how many smiles you created with your face. Your smile scorecard is not something you are consciously aware of, but your unconscious has intimate knowledge of it.
人們不禁要問，我們這些與人交往總是不怎麼碰壁是否僅僅是一個巧合。我們已經看到了如何應酬是微笑一個極好的催化劑——也許微笑比我們想象的做得更多。孩子是否因爲他們花更多的時間玩耍和微笑,患有陰鬱症的機率更小？你的臉總是對你說：每天24小時，你的大腦保持追蹤你在你的臉上創造了多少笑容，這是很容易忘記的。你的微笑記分卡不是你是自覺意識到的東西，但你的潛意識非常熟悉它。

I believe that smiling more benefits you directly -- even without its social benefits. You go to the gym to strengthen your muscles. Why not go to the smiling gym to strengthen your positive emotions?
我相信，微笑對你有更直接的益處—— 即使沒有它的社會效益。你去健身房增強你的肌肉，爲什麼不去微笑健身房，以激勵你的積極情緒？

One study found that women who had smiled the most in their college yearbook photos had happier lives, happier marriages, and fewer personal setbacks in the following 30 years. Another study finds a correlation between how big a smile you made for a baseball card photo and how long you will live. Those baseball players who had the broadest smiles lived, on average, seven years longer than those who smiled the least.
一項研究發現，在他們的大學紀念冊照片裏笑的最多的女人有更幸福的生活，幸福的婚姻，並在隨後的30年裏有更少的個人挫折。另一項研究發現在你爲一張棒球卡照片笑的有多大和你會活多久之間的一種相關性。這些有着最爲燦爛的笑容的棒球球員平均比笑的最少的棒球球員多活七年。

How could smiling lead to happier marriages and longer lives? The key is probably the reduction of stress that your body and mind feel. Smiling helps generate positive happy emotions within you, and this leads to a decrease in the stress-induced hormones that negatively affect your physical and mental health. Now, of course, there is only a correlation between smiling and a happy life -- it certainly doesn't prove that smiling will make your marriage better or lengthen your life. Perhaps those who smiled most were just innately happier people or smiled more because life was already treating them well in college, predicting more good things to come. Studies such as these can't show what causes what. Waves are correlated with beaches, but do beaches cause waves or waves bring beaches?
微笑是怎樣使婚姻更幸福，使生命更長的？關鍵可能是你的身體和頭腦感受壓力的減少。微笑讓你內在產生積極愉快的情緒，這導致了負面影響你的身體和心理健康的應力感生激素的減少。現在，當然，微笑和幸福的生活之間只有一種關聯——這當然不能證明微笑會讓你的婚姻更好或者延長你的壽命。也許那些笑的最多的人只是天生更快樂的人，或者笑的多是因爲在大學裏的生活已經對他們很好，預示着更美好的事情到來。研究像這些的東西不能表明是什麼引起了什麼。波浪與海灘相關，但是是海灘引起了波浪嗎？或者是波浪帶來的海灘？

But if one assumes that those who smile more will be happier, what happens to those who smile less? Shouldn't those who developed difficulty smiling as adults suffer more from depression, all other things being equal? Nature has done the experiment if one knows where to look. To probe for cause and effect, doctors studied what happened to patients who, because of facial nerve damage, were unable to move their faces normally. The facial nerve is commonly damaged in adult life by a condition known as Bell's palsy. There are three major parts of the facial nerve, so it is possible to lose the ability to frown but be able to smile, or vice versa. These researchers asked their patients to raise their eyebrows, squint, smile, and pucker their mouths to assess the extent of their facial disability. Their hypothesis was that the inability to smile would increase one's risk of depression.
但是，如果假設那些多笑的人會更快樂，那些笑的人少會發生什麼？不應該那些難以微笑的成年人人更容易患有抑鬱症，所有其他的事情都是一樣的嗎？自然已經做過實驗，如果有人知道去哪裏看。爲了探討原因和影響，醫生研究了面部神經受損，無法正常移動他們的臉的患者發生了什麼。面部神經在成年生活中一般是被稱爲貝爾氏麻痹的疾病損傷的。面部神經有三個主要部分，所以失去皺眉頭的能力，卻能夠微笑是可能的，反之亦然。這些研究人員要求他們的病人，以揚起他們的眉毛，眯着眼睛，微笑，抿嘴以評估他們的面部殘疾程度。他們的假設是，無法微笑會增加一個人患抑鬱症風險。

The results showed that a general impairment in moving one's face was not associated with depression. However, patients who specifically lacked the ability to smile were much more likely to become depressed, and their depression was more severe. There are several possible explanations. First, smiling occurs in social situations and helps facilitate positive emotions and relationships with others. Those individuals who find themselves unable to smile may experience more social isolation, leading to more depressive symptoms from loneliness. This could be a strong negative feedback loop. Second, smiling, by activation of the smile muscle, would initiate a feedback loop to the brain, activating our happy part of the brain, contributing to a more positive mood and more smiling. Those with impaired smiling would have the positive feedback interrupted and more consistent weight on the side of depression. I believe the second explanation is more important, but there is no evidence to help us decide.
結果表明，移動一個人的臉的一般損傷與抑鬱症無關。然而，明確地缺乏微笑的能力的患者更可能變得沮喪，他們的抑鬱症更嚴重。有幾種可能的解釋。首先，面帶微笑出現在社交場合，有助於促進正面的情緒和與他人的人際關係。這些發現自己無法微笑的人可能會遇到更多的社交隔離，從孤獨導致更多的抑鬱症狀。這可能是一個強烈的消極反饋循環。第二，微笑，通過激活微笑的肌肉，會啓動一個反饋環路到大腦，激活我們大腦快樂的一部分，促成一種更加積極的心情和更多的微笑。那些有身體缺陷微笑的人將中斷積極的反饋，對抑鬱症的一面是更一致的加重。我認爲第二種解釋更重要，但沒有證據來幫助我們決定。