雙語暢銷書《艾倫圖靈傳》第8章:水銀延時線(119)
All this suggests that the cortex of the infant is an unorganised machine, which can be organised by suitable interfering training.
The organising might result in the modification of the machine into a universal machine or something like it.
來對其進行組織，而這種組織的結果，可能就會使機器變成通用機，或類似的東西。Although expressed in more modern terms, reflecting the great debate between the protagonists of nature and nurture, this was little more than could have come from Natural Wonders,
這段話反映了先天和後天的關係問題，雖然圖靈是用現代化的術語來表達的，但在實際內容上，並不比《自然奇蹟》先進很多。
According to this view, therefore, it would be possible to start with an 'unorganised' machine, which he thought of as made up in a rather random way from neuron-like components, and then 'teach' it how to behave:
總之，根據這個觀點，圖靈認爲，機器一開始是無組織的，由一些類似神經元的組件隨意搭建而成，後期需要對它進行訓練：applying appropriate interference, mimicking education, we should hope to modify the machine until it could be relied on to produce definite reactions to certain commands.
……通過實施適當的干涉和模擬訓練，我們就可以使機器學會對特定的命令產生特定的正確反應。The education that he had in mind was of the public school variety, by the carrot and stick that the Conservative party was currently accusing Attlee of taking away from the British donkey worker:
圖靈對"訓練"的認識，就是公學那種軟硬兼施的方式：training of the human child depends largely on a system of rewards and punishments, and this suggests that it ought to be possible to carry through the organising with only two interfering inputs, one for 'pleasure' or 'reward' (R) and the other for 'pain' or 'punishment' (P).
……人類兒童的訓練，大部分是基於獎賞與懲罰機制，這表明，在機器的組織化過程中，也應該引入兩種刺激，一種是"愉悅"或者說"獎賞"（R），另一種是"痛苦"或者說"懲罰"（P）。One can devise a large number of such 'pleasure-pain' systems.
我們可以設計大量的賞罰系統sure interference has a tendency to fix the character, i.e. towards preventing it changing, whereas pain stimuli tend to disrupt the character, causing features which had become fixed to change, or to become again subject to random variation.
……愉悅刺激會強化某一行爲習慣，使其不容易發生改變，而痛苦刺激則會破壞該習慣，使其發生改變is intended that pain stimuli occur when the machine's behaviour is wrong, pleasure stimuli when it is particularly right.
……也就是說，當機器的行爲發生錯誤時，就給它痛苦刺激，而當它的行爲非常正確時，就給它愉悅的刺激。With appropriate stimuli on these lines, judiciously operated by the 'teacher', one may hope that the 'character' will converge towards the one desired, i.e. that wrong behaviour will tend to become rare.
訓練者通過這樣的賞罰機制，就可以使機器的行爲逐漸趨向於某些特定的方式，錯誤行爲會逐漸減少。
