德國驅逐巴爾幹移民 Germany cracks down on Balkan migrants as it welcomes Syrians

Shaban Khema, an IT manager from Kosovo, wants just one thing this festive season: to be able to stay in Germany. But his chances are slim, and getting slimmer.

沙班科瑪(Shaban Khema)是一名來自科索沃的IT經理，這個節日季他只想要一樣東西——可以留在德國。但他的機會十分微小，而且還在不斷變小。

“If I have to go back it’s death for me,” the 32-year-old says. “My future is here, not in Kosovo.”

32歲的沙班說：“如果我必須回去，就等於被判了死刑。我的未來在這兒，不在科索沃。”

Mr Khema is a casualty of Germany’s tough new approach to migrants from the Balkans. While the country has thrown open its doors to refugees from the war in Syria, it is closing them for people from countries such as Albania and Kosovo. Thousands of immigrants, many of whom have lived here for Months, now face deportation.

沙班是德國對巴爾幹地區移民最新採取的強硬政策的犧牲品。德國在向敘利亞內戰難民敞開國門的同時，對阿爾巴尼亞和科索沃等國的人關上了這道大門。成千上萬名移民現在面臨着驅逐出境，其中許多人已經在德國居住了好幾個月。

The approach is the flipside of Berlin’s “Willkommenskultur”, or “welcome culture”, that was embodied in Chancellor Angela Merkel’s decision last September to bypass Europe’s asylum rules and allow thousands of refugees stuck on the Hungarian border to make their way to Germany. It was a move that split Europe and earned her stinging criticism from domestic opponents, who feared it would only encourage more uncontrolled immigration.

這一舉措是柏林方面“歡迎文化”(Willkommenskultur)的另一面；“歡迎文化”體現於德國總理安格拉默克爾(Angela Merkel)今年9月作出的一個決定。當時默克爾決定繞過歐洲的庇護規則，允許滯留在匈牙利邊境的成千上萬難民進入德國。這一作法不但導致歐洲意見分歧，還爲她招致了國內對手的嚴厲批評，他們擔心這會鼓勵更多不受控制的移民。

The Balkan strategy is in part a response to those critics. The idea is to reduce the influx by weeding out economic migrants and sending them home. Indeed, the number of repatriations has steadily risen: by the end of November, more than 18,000 people had been deported this year, compared with around 11,000 people in the whole of 2014.

遣返巴爾幹移民的決策在一定程度上是對這些批評的迴應，其意圖是通過清查並遣返經濟移民來減少移民總數。的確，遣返人數一直在穩步上升，截至11月底，今年已有1.8萬人被遞解出境，而2014年全年爲1.1萬人左右。

Yet in the grand scheme of things, it provides little relief. Germany is expected to have registered 1m asylum seekers by the end of the year, and new arrivals keep coming.

但在宏觀層面上，該策略起不到什麼緩解作用。至今年底，德國預計將登記100萬尋求庇護者，新難民還在不斷涌入。

Mr Khema, however, will not be among those allowed to stay. He and his wife and daughter were recently transported to a former US army barracks in the picturesque Bavarian town of Bamberg that has been turned into a camp for Balkan immigrants awaiting deportation.

但是在獲准留下的移民羣體中，將不會出現沙班的名字。他和妻女最近被送往班貝格(Bamberg)一座專爲巴爾幹移民準備的營地，等待被遞解出境。這座移民營位於風景如畫的巴伐利亞小鎮，是由原美軍軍營改造的。

Visibly anxious, he has been in Germany for 10 months and dreads returning home. “It’s a catastrophe there,” he says. “You can only get a job or medical treatment if you pay a bribe.”

沙班的焦急顯露無遺，他在德國已經待了10個月，懼怕回國。他說：“那兒現在一片衰敗。你只有行賄才能得到一份工作或是獲得治療。”

The Bamberg camp was set up as Germany’s parliament toughened up the country’s asylum law by placing Kosovo, Albania and Montenegro on the list of “safe” countries of origin: asylum applications from these countries would henceforth be considered “patently unfounded”. Further changes replaced the cash payments migrants receive with benefits in kind, such as vouchers for consumer goods or bus tickets.

班貝格移民營的設立，是因爲德國議會通過了更爲嚴格的難民法案，將科索沃、阿爾巴尼亞和黑山共和國列入“安全的”原籍國名單，今後來自這些國家的庇護申請將被認爲“顯然毫無根據”。更多的改變包括將發放給移民的現金換成實物福利，比如購物代金券或車票。

Bamberg houses 850 refugees, most brought here from temporary hostels dotted aCross Bavaria or picked up by local police. It is a Spartan place: residents complain about the food and the meagre allowance of ㈠　　 a month.

班貝格現在容納了850名難民，大多數人要麼是從巴伐利亞州各地的臨時旅館帶到這兒，要麼是由當地警察送來的。這裏條件艱苦，居民們對這裏的食物和每月200歐元的微薄津貼都抱怨不已。

“A lot of people are leaving of their own free will because the conditions are so bad,” says Nazmi, an Albanian man in his twenties. “They give us salami three times a day, every day. You feel like an animal.”

20來歲的阿爾巴尼亞青年納茲米(Nazmi)說：“許多人都自動離開了，因爲這裏的條件真是太差了。他們給我們每天的三頓飯都是薩拉米香腸，讓人覺得自己像頭動物。”

Local officials say things are not so bad. There is a school, playroom and medical centre while the Red Cross provides second-hand clothes. The accommodation may be crowded but at least it is warm and dry.

當地官員則表示情況並沒有那麼糟糕。這裏有學校、遊戲室和醫療中心，紅十字會還提供舊衣服。居住環境可能有些擁擠，但至少溫暖而乾燥。

The camp is also, on one level, a propaganda tool.

在某種層面上，班貝格移民營也是個宣傳工具。

“People come to Germany thinking they’ll get hundreds of euros, a plot of land, work,” says Stefan Krug, of the government of Upper Franconia, who is responsible for the site. “This facility should help to convey to the Balkan countries a realistic image of Germany.”

上弗蘭肯區政府的斯特凡克魯格(Stefan Krug)是這裏的負責人，他說：“來德國的人以爲會獲得幾百歐元，一塊土地，還有工作。這個營地應該有助於向巴爾幹國家傳遞德國的現實形象。”

Critics say that image is deliberately distorted. “It’s a system of deterrence, segregation, ghettoisation, which I thought wasn’t possible any more in Germany,” says Sylvia Schaible, who works in a local refugee charity.

批評者則表示這是一個被故意歪曲的形象。當地一家難民慈善組織的工作人員西爾維亞餠伊布勒(Sylvia Schaible)說：“這是一種嚇阻、隔離、貧民窟話的體制，而我曾經以爲這種體制不再可能在德國出現。”

Every new arrival at the facility is registered and interviewed by an official from Germany’s federal agency for migration, known as a “decider”. Those who have their asylum request rejected can appeal. If that fails, their case is handed to a government agency that arranges their return home. It used to take months to process asylum applications: Bamberg aims to get that down to around 10 working days. So far, no one at the camp has been allowed to stay in Germany.

每一個新進入這座移民營的人都要去登記，並接受德國聯邦移民署一名官員——所謂的“裁決者”——的面試。避難申請被拒的人可以提出上訴，如上訴失敗，他們的案子會被移交給一個政府機構，由其安排他們的遣返事宜。過去處理避難申請需要幾個月時間，班貝格移民營的目標是將這一時長縮短至10個工作日左右。到目前爲止，班貝格移民營還沒有一人獲准留在德國。

Mr Krug acknowledges that the mood in the camp is “pretty glum”.

負責人克魯格承認班貝格移民營的氣氛“相當陰沉”。

“People know why they’ve been sent here, and that it is highly likely they will get a negative decision,” he says.

他說：“人們知道自己爲什麼被送到這裏，而且他們極有可能得到一個負面的決定。”

Since the camp was opened in September, 463 residents have voluntarily returned home and 170 have been deported. The plan is to expand capacity to 1,500 by the end of the year and to 4,500 by next March. Germany will ultimately have as many as five such camps.

班貝格移民營自9月成立以來，已有463人自願回國，170人被遞解出境。該移民營計劃至今年底將容量擴到1500人，明年3月擴大至4500人。德國最終將設立5個這樣的移民營。

Raif Zelenkovic, a 20-something Bosnian from Tuzla, is bracing himself for bad news. Unlike most residents of the Bamberg camp he speaks fluent German — he spent six years here as a child in the 1990s, but his family then moved back to the Balkans. He returned to Germany last January — a country he considers home.

20多歲的波斯尼亞人拉伊夫澤倫科威克(Raif Zelenkovic)來自圖茲拉(Tuzla)，他已經爲壞消息做好了準備。與班貝格移民營裏大多數人不同，他會說一口流利的德語，上世紀90年代他還是孩子時曾在德國生活過6年，後來他們一家又搬回巴爾幹地區。今年1月他又回到德國，他認爲這裏纔是自己的故鄉。

“All I want is to be able to work here, I don’t want benefits,” he says. “I just want to be like other people. I need a future.”

他說：“我唯一想要的就是能在這兒工作，我並不想要福利。我只想像其他人一樣，我需要一個未來。”