尚伯格 親歷紅色高棉大屠殺的時報記者
Sydney H. Schanberg, a correspondent for The New York Times who won a Pulitzer Prize for covering Cambodia’s fall to the Khmer Rouge in 1975 and inspired the film “The Killing Fields” with the story of his Cambodian colleague’s survival during the genocide of millions, died Saturday in Poughkeepsie, New York. He was 82.
西德尼·H·尚伯格(Sydney H. Schanberg)曾是《紐約時報》的記者，他憑藉對1975年柬埔寨淪於紅色高棉(Khmer Rouge)統治的報道而獲得普利策獎(Pulitzer Prize)，他的柬埔寨同事在數百萬人的大屠殺中倖存的故事成爲《殺戮戰場》(The Killing Fields)的藍本。尚伯格週六在紐約州波基普西市去世，享年82歲。
His death was confirmed by Charles Kaiser, a friend and former Times reporter, who said Schanberg had a heart attack Tuesday.
他的死訊得到他的好友、前時報記者查爾斯·凱澤(Charles Kaiser)證實。凱澤稱，尚伯格週二心臟病發作。
A restive, intense, Harvard-educated newspaperman with bulldog tenacity, Schanberg was a nearly ideal foreign correspondent: a risk-taking adventurer who distrusted officials, relied on himself in a war zone and wrote vividly of political and military tyrants and the suffering and death of their victims with the passion of an eyewitness to history.
尚伯格是一名近乎完美的駐外記者，他倔強、熱情、在哈佛受過教育，是個鬥牛犬般頑強的報人。他敢於冒險，不信任官員，對政治、軍事暴君，以及他們的受害者所遭受的苦難和死亡，做出了生動的描述。
In the spring of 1975, as Pol Pot’s Communist guerrillas closed in on the capital, Phnom Penh, after five years of civil war in Cambodia, Schanberg and his assistant, Dith Pran, refused to heed directives from Times editors in New York to evacuate the city and remained behind as nearly all Western reporters, diplomats and senior officials of Cambodia’s U.S.-backed Lon Nol government fled for their lives.
1975年春，波爾布特(Pol Pot)的共產主義游擊隊逼近首都金邊時，尚伯格和助理狄潘(Dith Pran)在柬埔寨經歷了五年內戰之後，拒絕聽從時報紐約編輯部的指示撤離該市。在幾乎所有的西方記者和外交官以及美國支持的柬埔寨朗諾(Lon Nol)政府的高級官員們逃命之後，他們依然留在那裏。
“Our decision to stay,” Schanberg later wrote, “was founded on our belief — perhaps, looking back, it was more a devout wish or hope — that when the Khmer Rouge won their victory, they would have what they wanted and would end the terrorism and brutal behavior we had written so often about.”
“我們決定留下，”尚伯格後來寫道，“因爲我們相信——現在看來，可能更多的是衷心希望——紅色高棉在獲得勝利之後，會得到他們想要的，會結束我們之前經常描述的恐怖主義和殘酷行爲。”
But when the guerrillas rolled in, after a brief period of calm, there was widespread shooting, looting and many executions. Schanberg and Dith were seized and threatened with death. “Most of the soldiers are teenagers,” Schanberg noted in his last dispatch. “They are universally grim, robotlike, brutal. Weapons drip from them like fruit from trees — grenades, pistols, rifles, rockets.”
但是，在游擊隊涌入之後，經過短暫的平靜，開始大範圍射殺、劫掠和處決。尚伯格和狄潘被逮捕，並遭到死亡威脅。“大部分士兵都是十幾歲的孩子，”尚伯格在最後一篇報道中寫道，“他們都很嚴肅，像機器人，冷酷無情。他們身上就像結滿果實的樹一樣掛滿武器——手榴彈、手槍、步槍和火箭彈。”
Dith’s pleas saved Schanberg, and the two journalists took refuge in the French Embassy compound, a vestige of colonial rule. Later, Dith and other Cambodians were expelled from the compound and forced to join an exodus of civilians into the countryside.
狄潘的懇求挽救了尚伯格，這兩名記者前往法國大使館的大院內避難，那裏是殖民統治的遺址。後來，狄潘和其他柬埔寨人被從這個大院驅逐出去，隨大批平民百姓前往農村。
It was the beginning of a monstrous social experiment: the expulsion of millions from cities and the suppression of educated classes to recast Cambodia as an agrarian utopia. The failed experiment over the next four years cost the lives of 2 million people to starvation, disease, slave-labor brutality and murder.
那是極其荒謬的社會實驗的開端：將數百萬人從城市驅逐到農村，鎮壓受過教育的階層，把柬埔寨改造成農業烏托邦。接下來四年失敗的試驗導致200萬人因飢餓、疾病、殘酷的奴役勞作和處決而死亡。
Two weeks after his capture, Schanberg and other foreigners were evacuated by truck to Thailand, where he filed the first account of the fall and emptying of Phnom Penh. He told of massacres and fires, of streets and roads littered with bodies, of forced marches that turned the city overnight into a graveyard.
尚伯格被捕後兩週，他和其他外國人被裝上卡車，送到泰國，他在那裏第一次發回關於金邊淪陷和清空的報道。他講到大屠殺和縱火，街頭散落着屍體，強行軍一夜之間把這座城市變成墓地。
“Two million people suddenly moved out of the city in stunned silence — walking, bicycling, pushing cars that had run out of fuel, covering the roads like a human carpet,” he wrote. “A once-throbbing city became an echo chamber of silent streets lined with abandoned cars and gaping, empty shops. Streetlights burned eerily for a population that was no longer there.”
“200萬人突然之間在令人震驚的沉默中離開這座城市——步行、騎自行車、推着燃油耗盡的汽車，像人毯一樣佈滿道路，”他寫道，“曾經熱鬧的城市變得空蕩蕩的，寂靜的街道兩旁是廢棄的汽車和空無一人的店鋪。街燈依然詭異地亮着，街上一個人也沒有。”
Schanberg returned to New York. Overwhelmed with guilt over having to leave Dith behind, he asked for time off to write about his experiences, to help Dith’s refugee wife and four children establish a new life in San Francisco and to begin the seemingly hopeless task of finding his friend.
尚伯格回到紐約。他爲不得不把狄潘留在柬埔寨感到十分內疚，他要求休假，寫下自己的經歷，幫助狄潘逃難的妻子和四個孩子在舊金山開始新的生活，並且開始尋找自己的朋友——雖然這似乎毫無希望。
He was showered with awards, including the Pulitzer, which he said he shared with Dith. He also became a metropolitan editor and columnist at The Times.
他獲了很多獎，包括普利策，他說這些獎項屬於他和狄潘。他還成了時報的都市版編輯，並且開了專欄。
For years there was no news of Dith, who had disguised his educated background and survived beatings, backbreaking labor and a diet of insects, rodents and as little as a tablespoon of rice a day. In 1978, Vietnam invaded Cambodia and replaced Pol Pot with a client regime. Dith escaped over the border with Thailand in 1979 and was soon reunited with Schanberg.
有很多年，狄潘音訊全無，他隱藏自己受過教育的背景，遭受毒打，進行繁重的體力勞動，以昆蟲和鼠類爲食，每天只能吃到一湯匙大米。1978年，越南進攻柬埔寨，以代理政府取代波爾布特。1979年，狄潘逃到泰國邊境，很快與尚伯格重逢。
After moving Dith and his family to New York and helping him obtain a job as a photographer at The Times, Schanberg wrote “The Death and Life of Dith Pran,” a 1980 cover article for The New York Times Magazine, which was later published as a book. The story became the basis for Roland Joffé's 1984 movie, “The Killing Fields,” starring Sam Waterston as Schanberg and Dr. Haing S. Ngor as Dith. Ngor, who won an Oscar for best supporting actor, was a physician who had also survived the Cambodian holocaust.
尚伯格幫狄潘一家搬到紐約，爲他在時報找到一份攝影師的工作。之後，他開始撰寫《狄潘的生死》(The Death and Life of Dith Pran)，它是《紐約時報雜誌》1980年的封面文章，後來出版成書。這個故事成爲羅蘭·約菲(Roland Joffé)1984年影片《殺戮戰場》的藍本，由薩姆·沃特斯頓(Sam Waterston)飾演尚伯格，吳漢潤(Haing S. Ngor)飾演狄潘。吳漢潤是一名醫生，也是柬埔寨大屠殺的倖存者，他憑藉此片獲得了奧斯卡最佳男配角獎。
The film was widely praised. “'The Killing Fields’ emerges as an emotionally charged vision of hell on earth, a jolting reminder of the wanton destruction of a gentle people by another of history’s madmen,” Kathleen Carroll wrote in The Daily News. But Vincent Canby of The Times called it “diffuse and wandering,” adding, “Something vital is missing, and that’s the emotional intensity of Schanberg’s first-person prose.”
這部影片廣受好評。“《殺戮戰場》扣人心絃地描繪了人間地獄的情形，令人震撼地重現了又一位歷史狂人對溫順人民的恣意毀滅，”凱思琳·卡羅爾(Kathleen Carroll)在《每日新聞》(The Daily News)上寫道。不過，時報的文森特·坎比(Vincent Canby)稱它“情節散漫”，還說它“缺乏最重要的一點，也就是尚伯格以第一人稱描述的那種情感強度”。
Sydney Hillel Schanberg was born in Clinton, Massachusetts, on Jan. 17, 1934, to Louis Schanberg, a grocery store owner, and the former Freda Feinberg. Sydney attended Clinton schools and graduated from Harvard in 1955 with a bachelor’s degree in American history. Drafted in 1956, he served as a reporter for a U.S. Army newspaper in Frankfurt.
西德尼·希勒爾·尚伯格1934年1月17日出生於馬薩諸塞州克林頓市。父親是一名食品雜貨店主，名叫路易斯·尚伯格(Louis Schanberg)，母親原名弗蕾達·範伯格(Freda Feinberg)。西德尼一直在克林頓接受小學和中學教育，1955年從哈佛大學畢業，獲得美國曆史學士學位。他1956年入伍，擔任一家美國軍隊報紙駐法蘭克福的記者。
He joined The Times in 1959 as a copy boy and became a staff reporter in 1960, covering general assignments and government agencies. In 1964, he began covering the New York state Legislature, and in 1967 he was named Albany, New York, bureau chief, in charge of state government reporting.
他1959年加入時報，從打下手開始，1960年成爲全職記者，負責進行一般性的新聞報道和政府機關有關的選題。1964年，他開始報道紐約州的立法機構，1967年被任命爲紐約州奧爾巴尼分社的社長，負責報道州政府事務。
He married Janice Sakofsky in 1967. The couple had two daughters, Jessica and Rebecca, and were divorced. In 1995, he married Jane Freiman.
1967年，他和賈妮絲·薩科夫斯基(Janice Sakofsky)結婚。他們生了兩個女兒——傑西卡(Jessica)和麗貝卡(Rebecca)——後來兩人離婚。1995年，他與簡·弗賴曼(Jane Freiman)結婚。
Schanberg joined The Times’s foreign staff in 1969 and was named bureau chief in New Delhi. He covered India’s 13-day war with Pakistan in 1971. He met Dith on a trip to Phnom Penh in 1972, and as Schanberg’s reporting from Vietnam and Cambodia grew, The Times hired Dith as his aide and translator. As the Southeast Asia correspondent from 1973-75, Schanberg focused increasingly on the Khmer Rouge insurgency.
1969年，尚伯格成爲時報的駐外記者，被任命爲新德里分社的社長。1971年，他報道了印度與巴基斯坦的13日戰爭。1972年，他在前往金邊的途中遇見狄潘，隨着尚伯格從越南和柬埔寨發回的報道增多，時報僱傭狄潘擔任他的助手和翻譯。1973年至1975年，尚伯格作爲東南亞記者，越來越多地把注意力放到紅色高棉的叛亂狀態。
After his foreign assignments, Schanberg was The Times’s metropolitan editor from 1977-80 and wrote a column twice a week, with a focus on New York, from 1981-85. It was discontinued after he criticized the Times’ coverage of the proposed Westway highway in Manhattan.
結束駐外報道後，尚伯格從1977年至1980年擔任時報的都市版編輯，從1981年至1985年每週寫兩篇專欄文章，重點關注紐約。他批評時報對提議中的曼哈頓西路公路(Westway)的報道之後，停止了專欄的寫作。
The Times offered him another assignment, but he left the paper after 26 years to write a column for New York Newsday, where he remained for a decade.
時報給他提供了另一份工作，但他決定離開，之前他爲時報工作了26年。之後，他開始爲《紐約新聞日報》(New York Newsday)寫專欄，一寫就是10年。
Schanberg, who lived in New Paltz, New York, returned to Cambodia in 1989 and 1997 and wrote articles for Vanity Fair. He also wrote for Penthouse and The Nation and columns of media criticism for The Village Voice. “Beyond the Killing Fields,” an anthology of his reporting, appeared in 2010. Besides the Pulitzer, he won two George Polk Memorial awards, two Overseas Press Club awards and Sigma Delta Chi’s distinguished journalism prize.
尚伯格家住紐約州新帕爾茨。他於1989年和1997年兩次返回柬埔寨，爲《名利場》(Vanity Fair)撰文。他還爲《藏春閣》雜誌(Penthouse)、《國家》雜誌(The Nation)以及《村聲》(The Village Voice)的媒體評論專欄撰文。他的報道選集《戰火之外》(Beyond the Killing Fields)2010年出版。除了普利策獎，他還兩次獲得喬治·波克紀念獎(George Polk Memorial)，兩次獲得海外記者俱樂部獎(Overseas Press Club)，並獲得職業新聞工作者協會(Sigma Delta Chi)的傑出新聞獎。
“I’m a very lucky man to have had Pran as my reporting partner and even luckier that we came to call each other brother,” Schanberg said after Dith died in 2008. “His mission with me in Cambodia was to tell the world what suffering his people were going through in a war that was never necessary. It became my mission too. My reporting could not have been done without him.”
“我非常幸運地遇上潘做我的報道夥伴，更幸運的是我們慢慢地親如兄弟，”2008年狄潘去世後，尚伯格說，“他跟我一起在柬埔寨的使命是，告訴世人他的同胞在一場毫無必要的戰爭中遭受的苦難。那也成爲我的使命。沒有他，我不可能完成那些報道。”
