奧運賽場上的噓聲和倒彩
It was during the men’s 100m final on Aug 14 that US *sprinter Justin Gatlin, after stepping out into the stadium ready to race, was met by a song of cheers which quickly *cascaded into a chorus of *boos.
8月14日奧運會男子百米短跑決賽的賽場上，當美國選手賈斯汀•加特林出場準備比賽時，迎接他的歡呼很快就變成了陣陣噓聲。
The crowds at Rio evidently still haven’t forgiven Gatlin for his historical doping bans, but the US runner hasn’t been the only one subjected to the *wrath of the Brazilian booers at the 2016 Olympics.
顯然，里約的觀衆們還沒有原諒加特林曾因興奮劑遭到禁賽的往事，但在2016年奧運會上遭受巴西觀衆喝倒彩泄憤的人並不止加特林一人。
Earlier in the month, Egyptian Judoka Islam El Shehaby was also unceremoniously booed for refusing to shake hands with opponent Or Sasson after being defeated by the Israeli.
本月早些時候，埃及柔道運動員埃爾•謝哈比被以色列選奧爾•薩鬆打敗後，不願意和對方握手。而此舉也遭到了一陣粗魯無禮的噓聲。
It seems that audience members at the 2016 Rio Olympics have been roundly criticized for their over-zealous jeering, which seems to be more commonplace than at previous Games, suggesting that the crowds in Brazil are perhaps a more “sprightly bunch” than in previous years.
2016年裏約奧運會的觀衆似乎因其過於熱烈的起鬨而飽受批評，但這種起鬨在往屆奧運會中卻顯得稀鬆平常。這也表明了巴西的觀衆或許比往年更爲活躍。
But although booing is not a staple of the Olympic crowd’s etiquette, it is by no means a recent phenomenon.
然而，儘管喝倒彩並不屬於奧運會觀衆的基本禮儀，但它也絕非新生現象。
The first written record of mass *heckling comes from, of course, ancient Greece, according to website The BOO Birds.
據The BOO Birds網站報道，第一條羣衆喝倒彩起鬨的書面記錄，毫無疑問，來源於希臘。
It says that during *gladiator fights, booing or cheering literally meant life or death to the *combatants–the crowds would cheer to keep you alive or boo to have you put out of your misery.
據稱，在角鬥士的對決中，歡呼或者是噓聲對於格鬥者而言，的確意味着生與死——人們的歡呼聲能讓你保持活力，噓聲則將你拉入死亡，永遠地結束掉痛苦。
The word “boo” didn’t make its written appearance until the 1800s however, where it was used to describe the sound that cattle make. It wasn’t until later that century that its use to describe the noise our friends in modern day Brazil enjoy making came into existence.
然而，“噓聲”(boo) 一詞直到19世紀纔在書面語中首次出現，用於形容牛的叫聲。在19世紀後期，它才被用來形容如今巴西小夥伴們喜歡發出的噓聲。
Reasons for booing vary a lot throughout Olympic history. Some are merely trivial matters – according to a Time news report, at the 1936 Bavaria Winter Olympics, Italian hockey players “loudly booed *pugnacious US player Gordon Smith”, who accused an Italian player of knocking his glasses off – while others are more political.
在奧運會歷史上，喝倒彩有着各種各樣的原因。其中一些僅僅是因爲瑣事——據《泰晤士報》的一篇報道顯示，在1936年的巴伐利亞冬季奧運會上，意大利曲棍球隊隊員們大聲地向美國隊員戈登•史密斯發出噓聲，只因他指責一位意大利隊員將他的眼鏡撞掉了——而其他一些原因則更具有政治色彩。
At the 1973 Munich Olympics, the gold and silver medals for the men’s 400m dash were awarded to US runners Vincent Matthews and Wayne Collett – both African-Americans.
在1973年的慕尼黑奧運會上，男子400米跑比賽的金銀牌得主分別是美國選手文森特•馬修和韋恩•科利特——兩人都是非裔美國人。
When the US national *anthem was played during the medal ceremony, they refused to face the flag and stood casually with their hands on their hips, instead of one hand on their chests, as tradition would dictate.
當美國國歌在頒獎典禮上奏響時，他們拒絕面向國旗，並且站姿隨意，還將手放在屁股上，而不是依照傳統，將一隻手放在胸前。
Although their intention was to draw attention to the poor treatment of African-Americans in their country at the time, this backfired and their *unbridled behavior drew loud boos from the crowd. “The IOC called it a ‘disgusting display’ and barred them,” wrote The New York Times.
儘管他們的目的是希望引起人們對於非裔美國人當時所遭受的不公正對待的關注，然而卻適得其反，他們這種放肆的行爲也引起了觀衆的一片噓聲。“奧組委稱之爲‘令人噁心的行爲’並禁止他們出賽，”《紐約時報》寫道。
Furthermore, during the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, Zola Budd, a South African-born British athlete, faced a barrage of boos from the audience of the women’s 3,000m final, after getting tangled up with US runner Mary Decker who then came crashing to the ground.
還有，在1984年洛杉磯夏季奧運會中，生於南非的英國運動員左拉•巴德在女子3000米決賽中和美國選手瑪麗•德克爾撞在了一起，德克爾隨後摔倒在地。此舉也受到了在場觀衆的一連串噓聲。
But the underlying cause for the booing wasn’t her clumsiness – Budd had only applied for British citizenship earlier that year, since South Africa at the time was banned from participating in the Olympics due to its then-policy of *apartheid.
但噓聲背後的原因並不在於她的笨拙——巴德在那年的早些時候才申請了英國的公民身份，由於當時南非奉行種族隔離政策，南非的體育團體被禁止參加奧運會。
“The switch was hugely controversial during the apartheid-era sporting boycott,” wrote The Guardian.
“在種族隔離時代的賽事抵制中，這樣的轉變十分具有爭議，”英國《衛報》寫道。
Despite the fact that booing to express displeasure during the Olympic Games is far from elegant, it seems that it’s been a feature of the games long before Brazil. Just as Time notes, “its presence by now shouldn’t be shocking.”
儘管在奧運會賽場上發出噓聲以表示不滿的行爲十分不雅，但這似乎早在巴西奧運會之前便已成爲奧運會的一大特色。就像美國《時代週刊》指出的那樣，“現在它的出現不應使人們感到驚訝。”
