中英雙語話中國歷史名人 第21期:孫中山
Sun Yatsen (1866~1925) was the leader of the Chinese NationAlist Party, known as the father of modern China.
孫中山(1866~1925)是中國國民黨領袖，被稱爲現代中國之父。Educated in Hawaii and Hong Kong, Sun embarked on a medical career in 1892.
孫中山在夏威夷和香港接受教育，於1892年從醫。But troubled by the conservative Qing Dynasty's inability to keep China from suffering repeated humiliations at the hands of more advanced countries, he forsook medicine two years later for politics.
但是保守的清政府不能使中國免受更加先進的國家一次又一次的屈辱，這讓孫中山非常憂慮，於是兩年後他棄醫從政。
A letter to Li Hongzhang in which Sun detailed ways that China could gain strength made no headway, and he went abroad to try organizing expatriate Chinese.
孫中山給李鴻昌寫了一封信，詳細敘述了使中國強大起來的各種方法，但是沒有任何進展。於是孫中山走出國門，試着把移居國外的人組織起來。He spent time in Hawaii, England, Canada, and Japan and in 1905 became head of a revolutionary coalition, the Tongmenghui (“Alliance Society").
孫中山在夏威夷、英國、加拿大和日本花了時間精力，最終在1905年組成一個革命聯盟——同盟會並擔任其領導。The revolts he helped plot during this period failed, but in 1911 a rebellion in Wuhan unexpectedly succeeded in overthrowing the provincial government. Other provincial secessions followed, and Sun returned to be elected provisional president of a new government.
這個期間孫中山協助策劃的起義雖然失敗了，但是1911年的武漢起義出乎意料地成功推翻省政府，其它省份也隨即響應。孫中山返回中國，當選新政府的臨時總統。The emperor abdicated in 1912, and Sun turned over the government to Yuan Shikai.
1912年清帝退位，孫中山將政權交給袁世凱。The two men split in 1913, and Sun became head of a separatist regime in the south.
1913年二人反目，孫中山成爲南方新政權的首領。In 1924, aided by Soviet advisers, he reorganized his Nationalist Party, admitted three communists to its central executive committee, and approved the establishment of a military academy, to be headed by Chiang Kai-shek.
1924年，在蘇聯顧問的幫助下，孫中山重組國民黨，讓三名共產黨人加人了中央執行委員會，批准建立軍校，由蔣介石任校長。He also delivered lectures on his doctrine, the Three Principles of the People (nationalism, democracy, and livelihood), but died the following year without having had the opportunity to put his doctrine into practice.
孫中山還發表了關於他的學說三民主義(民族、民權和民生)的演講。但是次年，尚未將他的學說付諸實踐孫中山就去世了。
